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INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 


PHILADELPHIA 1876. 


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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875 by 

CLAXTON, REMSEN & HAFFELFINGER, 

in the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. All rights reserved. 

Collins, Printer. 



OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 

President, ULYSSES S. GRANT, of Illinois. 
Vice-President, HENRY WILSON, of Massachusetts. 

Secretary of State, HAMILTON FISH, of New York. 

Secretary of the Treasury, BENJAMIN H. BRISTOW, of Kentucky. 

Secretary of War, WILLIAM W. BELKNAP, of Iowa. 

Secretary of the Navy, GEO. M. ROBESON, of New Jersey. 

Secretary of the Interior, ZACHARIAH CHAI^DLER, of Michigan. 

Postmaster-General, MARSHALL JEWELL, of Connecticut. 

Attorney-General, EDWARDS PIERREPONT, of New York. 

Commissioner of Patents, J. M. THATCHER. 
Commissioner of Agriculture, FREDERICK WATTS. 

President of the Senate, HENRY WILSON. 
Speaker of the House, 

Postmaster at Philadelphia, GEO. W. FAIR MAN. 

I* V 



COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS ON THE EXHIBITION. 

WILLIAM D. KELLEY, Pennsylvania. CHARLES CLAYTON, California. 

GEO. F. HOAR, Massachusetts. ERASTUS WELLS, Missouri, 

JOHN P. C. SHANKS, Indiana. PIERCE M. B. YOUNG, Georgia. 

RODERICK R. BUTLER, Tennessee. JOHN T. HARRIS, Virginia. 

JOHN Q. SMITH, Ohio. ELISHA D. STANDEFORD, Kentucky. 

GREENBURY L. FORT, Illinois. RICHARD SCHELL, New York. 



UNITED STATES WOMEN'S CENTENNIAL EXECUTIVE 

COMMITTEE. 



Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, President. 

*' John Sanders, 'Vice-President. 

*' Frank M. Etting, Secretary. 

*' S. A. Irwin, Treasurer. 

** John W. Forney, 

** Theodore Cuyler, 

** -Richard P. White, 

** Henry Cohen, 

** H. C. Townsend, 

** Aubrey H. Smith, 

** James C. Biddle, 

*' Matthew Simpson, 

*' Emily R. Buckman, 

*• Crawford Arnold, 

" A. H. Franciscus, 
Miss Elizabeth Gratz, 

" McHenry, 
Mrs. Bion Bradl)ury, Maine, 

•' James T. Fields, Massachusetts, 

" F. W. Goddard, Rhode Island. 



Mrs. W. L. Dayton, New Jersey, 
M. E. P. touligny, D. C. 
C. J. Faulkner, West Virginia, 
Jourdain Westmoreland, Georgia, 
Ellen Call Long, Florida, 
M. C. Ludeling, Louisiana, 
K. S, Minor, Mississippi, 
Edward F. Noyes, Ohio, 
F. R. West, Iowa, 
J. B. Thorp, Wisconsin, 
J. M. Crowell, Kansas, 
S. B. Bowen, Montana, 
Frederick MacCrellish, Cal. 
L. C. Hughes, Arizona, 
W. I. Hill, Idaho, 
J. M. Washburne, Dakota, 
M. J. Young, Texas, 
W. S. Rand, Eastern Kentucky, 
Worthington Hooker, Connecticut, 
Dickinson, Missouri. 



Office — 903 Walnut Street. 



THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 



States and Territories. Commissioners. 

Alabama, 

Arizona, . . . Richard C. McCormick, Wasliington, 

Arkansas, . . George W. Lawrence, 

California, . . John Dunbar Creigh, San Francisco, 

Colorado, . . J. Marshall Paul, Fair Play, . . 

Connecticut, . Joseph R. Hawley, Hartford, 

Dakota, . . . J. A, Burbank, Bonhomme County 

Delaware, . . Henry F. Askew, Wilmington, . 

Dist. Columbia, James E. Dexter, Washington, . 

Florida, . . . J. S. Adams, Jacksonville, . , 

Georgia, . . . George Hillyer, Atlanta, , . , 

Idaho, . . . Thomas Donaldson, Boise City, . 

Illinois, . . . Frederick L. Matthews, Carlinville 

Indiana, . . . John L. Campbell, Crawfordsville, 

Iowa, . . . Robert Lowry, Davenport, . . 

Kansas, . . . John A. Martin, Atchison, . . 

Kentucky, . . Robert Mallory, La Grange, . . 

Louisiana, . . John Lynch, New Orleans, . . 

Maine, . . . Joshua Nye, Augusta, .... 

Maryland, . . James T. Earle, Centreville, . . 

Massachusetts, . George B. Loring, Salem, 

Michigan, . . James Birney, Bay City, 

Minnesota, . . J. Fletcher Williams, St. Paul, . 

Mississippi, . . O. C. French, Jackson, . . 

Missouri, . . John McNeil, St. Louis, . . . 

Montana, . . J. P. Woolman, Helena, . . 

Nebraska, . . Henry S. Moody, Omaha, 

Nevada, . . . W. Wirt McCoy, Eureka, . . . 

New Hampshire, Ezekiel A. Straw, Manchester, . 

New Jersey, . Orestes Cleveland, Jersey City, . 

New Mexico, . Eldridge W. Little, Santa Fe, . 

New York, . . N. M. Beckwith, New York City, 

North Carolina, Samuel F. Phillips, Washington City, 

Ohio, .... Alfred T. Goshorn, Philadelphia, . 

Oregon, . . . James W. Virtue, Baker City, . . 

Pennsylvania, . Daniel J. Morrell, Johnstown, . . 

Rhode Island, . George H. Corliss, Providence, . . 

South Carolina, William Gurney, Charleston, . . 

Tennessee, . . Thomas H. Coldwell, Shelbyville, . 

Texas, . . . William Henry Parsons, Houston, . 

Utah, .... John H. Wickizer, Salt Lake City, . 

Vermont, . . Middleton Goldsmith, Rutland, . . 

Virginia, . . F. W. M. Holliday, Richmond, . . 

Washington Ter. Elwood Evans, Olympia, .... 

West Virginia, . Alexander R. Boteler, Shepherdst'n, 

Wisconsin, . . David Atwood, Madison, .... 

Wyoming, . , Joseph M. Carey, Cheyenne, . . . 



Alternates. 
James L. Cooper, Huntsville. 
John Wasson, Tucson. 
George C. Dodge, Little Rock, 
Benjamin P. Kooser, Santa Cruz. 
N. C. Meeker, Greeley. 
William P. Blake, New Haven. 
Solomon L. Spink, Yankton. 
John H. Rodney, New Castle. 
Lawrence A. Gobright, Washington, 
J. T. Bernard, Tallahassee. 
Richard Peters, Jr., Atlanta. 
Christopher W. Moore, Boise City. 
Lawrence Weldon, Bloomington. 
Franklin C. Johnson, New Albany. 
Coker F. Clarkson, Eldora. 
George A. Crawford, Fort Scott. 
Smith M. Hobbs, Mt. Washington. 
Edward Penington, Philadelphia. 

S. M. Shoemaker, Baltimore. 
William B. Spooner, Boston. 
Claudius B. Grant, Houghton. 
W. W. Folwell, Minneapolis. 

Samuel Hays, St. Louis. 
Patrick A. Largey, Virginia City. 
R. W. Furnas, Brownsville. 
James W. Haines, Genoa. 
Asa P. Gate, Northfield. 
John G. Stevens, Trenton. 
Stephen B.Elkins,Washington,D.C. 
Charles P. Kimball, NewYorkCity. 
J. W. Albertson, Hartford, Perqui- 
mans Co. 
Wilson W. Griffith, Toledo. 
A. J. Dufur, Portland. 
Asa Packer, Mauch Chunk. 
Samuel Powel, Newport. 
Archibald Cameron, Charleston. 
William F. Prosser, Nashville. 
John C. Chew, New York. 
Wm. Haydon, Salt Lake City. 
Henry Chase, Lyndon. 
Edmond R. Bagwell, Onancock. 
Alex. S. Abernethy, Cowlitz Co. 
Andrew J. Sweeney, Wheeling. 
Edward D. Holton, Milwaukee. 
Robert H. Lamborn, Philadelphia.; 
vii 



OFFICERS OF THE COMMISSION. 



President. 
Joseph R. Hawley. 

Vice-Presidents, 
Orestes Cleveland, Thomas H. Coldwell, 

John D. Creigh, John McNeil, 

Robert Lowry, William Gurney. 

Director- General. 
Alfred T. Goshorn. 

Counsellor and Solicitor. 
John L. Shoemaker, Esq. 

Executive Committee. 

Daniel J. Morrell, Samuel F. Phillips, 

Alfred T. Goshorn, George B. Loring, 

N. M. Beckwith, Frederick L. Matthews, 

Alexander R. Boteler, Wm. Phipps Blake, 

Richard C. McCormick, James E. Dexter, 

John Lynch, J. T. Bernard, 
Charles P. Kimball. 

Committee on Commerce. 
C. H. Marshall, F. L. Matthews, 

CI. B. Grant, Jas. L. Cooper, 

A. J. Dufur, John Mc. Neil, 

John H. Rodney. 

Committee on Tariffs and Transp07'tation. 
O. C. French, James T. Earle, 

Joshua Nye, William F. Prosser, 

John H. VVickizcr, Jos. M. Carey, 

William H. Parsons. 



Committee on Finance. 
Asa Packer, Jas. L. Cooper, 

R. C. Taft, James Birney, 

John S. Adams, Ed. R. Bagwell, 

J. Marshall Paul. 

Committee on Foreign Affairs, 
John L. Campbell, John G. Stevens, 

P. A. Largey, Geo. Hillyer, 

Robert H. Lamborn, Andrew J. Sweeney, 

S. B. Elkins. 

Com7nittee on Opening Ceremonies. 
Geo. H. Corliss, Jas. Birney, 

Jno. G. Stevens, Geo. A. Crawford, 

F. W. M. Halladay, J. W. Alberlson, 

Rich. Peters. 

Committee on Legislation. 
Richard C. McCormick, David Atwood, 

William F. Prosser, Alexander R. Boteler, 

Lawrence A. Gobright, Thomas Donaldson, 

Saml. F. Phillips. 

Committee on Classification, 
Wm. P. Blake, John A. Martin, 

N. M. Beckwith, Ed. Penington, 

C. P. Kimball, Jas. T. Earle. 

Committee on Nomijiation of Secretaries of Departments. 
Middleton Goldsmith, John D. Creigh, 

Geo. H. Corliss, Smith M. Hobbs, 

Jos. M. Carey. 

Cofnmittee on History ^ Literature y and Population. 
David Atwood, Alex. R. Boteler, 

John Lynch, }. Fletcher Williams, 

Elwood Evans, ' J. A. Burbank, 

Geo. C. Dodge. 



Committee on Agriculture and Live Stock. 

Robert Lowry, Andrew J. Dufur, 

N. C. Meeker, Robert Mallory, 

Eldridge W. Little, Lawrence Weldon, 

William Gurney. 

Committee on Mines and Mining. 
William Wirt McCoy, Thomas Donaldson, 

J. D. Creigli, John Wasson, 

J. Marshall Paul, Samuel Hays, 

J. P. Woolman. 

Committee on Horticulture and Floriculture. 
Franklin C. Johnson, Coker F. Clarkson, 

Jas. W. Virtue, Geo. W. Lawrence, 

James W. Haines, Benj. P. Rooser, 

J. C. Chew. 

Committee on Fisheries and Fish Culture. 
Middleton Goldsmith, Elwood Evans, 

John H. Wickizer, Ed. Penington, 

John C. Chew, John S. Adams, 

Sol. L. Spink. 

Conunittee on Arts and Sciences. 
Geo. B. Loring, Jas. Birney, 

W. W. Folwell, Smith M. Hobbs, 

Wm. Haydon, Henry F. Askew, 

Lawrence A. Gobright. 

Committee on Mafiufactures. 

Orestes Cleveland, Danl. J. Morrell, 

Wm. B. Spooner, Wilson W. Griffith, 

S. M. Shoemaker, Geo. A. Crawford, 

Henry S. Moody. 

Secretary of the Commission. 
John L. Campbell. 



Office of the Comtnission. — No. 903 Walnut Street. 



BUREAUS OF ADMINISTRATION. 

A. T. GOSIIORN, Director- General. 



FOREIGN:— 

Direction of the foreign representation, Director-General. 

INSTALLATION:— 

Classification of applications for space — allotment of space in 
Main Building — supervision of special structures, 

Henry Pettit, 

TRANSPORTATION : — 

Foreign transportation for goods and visitors — transportation 
for goods and visitors in the United States — local trans- 
portation — warehousing and customs regulations, 

DoLPHus Torrey. 

MACHINERY:— 

Superintendence of the Machinery Department and building, 

including allotment of space to Exhibitors, John S. Albert. 

AGRICULTURE : — 

Superintendence of the Agricultural Department, building, 
and grounds, including allotment of space to Exhibitors, 

Burnet Landreth. 

HORTICULTURE :— 

Superintendence of Horticultural Department, Conservatory 
and grounds, including allotment of space to Exhibitors, 

Charles A. Miller. 

FINE ARTS:— 

Superintendence of the Fine Art Department and building, 

including allotment of space to Exhibitors, John Sartain. 



THE BOARD OF FINANCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL 
EXHIBITION. . 

President, 
JOHN WELSH, Philadelphia. 

Vice-Presidents, 
WILLIAM SELLERS, Philadelphia. 
JOHN S. BARBOUR, Virginia. 

Secretary and Treasurer, 
FREDERICK FRALEY, Philadelphia. 



Directors, 



Samuel M. Felton, Philadelphia, 
Daniel M. Fox, Philadelphia. 
Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia. 
Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia. 
N. Parker Shortridge, Philadelphia, 
James M. Robb, Philadelphia. 
Edward T. Steel, Philadelphia, 
John Wanamaker, Philadelphia. 
John Price Wetherill, Philadelphia. 
Henry Winsor, Philadelphia. 
Henry Lewis, Philadelphia, 
xii 



Amos R. Little, Philadelphia. 
John Baird, Philadelphia. 
Thomas H. Dudley, New Jersey. 
A. S, Hewitt, New York. 
John Cummings, Massachusetts. 
John Gorham, Rhode Island. 
Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania. 
William Bigler, Pennsylvania. 
Robert M. Patton, Alabama. 
J. B. Drake, Illinois. 
George Bain, Missouri. 



BUILDING COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD OF FINANCE : 

Thomas Cochran, Chairman. 

John Baird, Wm. Sellers, 

Clement M. Biddle, Saml. M. Felton, 

James M. Robb. 

ARCHITECTS AND CONTRACTORS. 

Main Exhibition Building— Krchiitcis, Henry Pettit and Joseph M. 

Wilson. Contractor, Richard J. Dobbins. 
The National Memorial {Art 6^^//^/7)— Architect, H. J. Schwarzmann. 

Contractor, R. J. Dobbins. 
Machinery ZT^^//— Architects, Henry M. Pettit and Joseph M. Wilson. 

Contractor, Philip Quigley. 

The ffortictilttira I Bziilding— Architect, H. J. Schwarzmann. Contractor, 
John Rice. 

The Agrimltural Buildi?7g-— Architect, James H. Windrim. Contractor, 
Philip Quigley. 

The Building for the Gover^iment Exhibits— Krc\\\{Qct, James H. Win- 
drim. Contractor, Aaron Doane. 

The Building for the Woma?i' s I) ep a rt?nent— At chxtQct, H. G. Schwarz- 
mann. Contractors, Jacob G. Peters and John Adam Burger. 

The British Commission Buildings — Architect, Thomas Harris; Assistant, 
Thomas Thorn. Contractor, John Rice. 

The Jury Pavilion— AxzVmqqX, H. J. Schwarzmann. Contractor, Levi 
Koder. 

^^ The South,'' The Southern Head-quarters— ArcWittct, H. J. Schwarz- 
mann. 



OFFICERS OF THE FAIRMOUNT PARK COMMISSION. 



Preside7it, 
MORTON McMICHAEL. 

Vice-President, 
JOHN WELSH. 

Treasurer, 
HENRY M. PHILLIPS. 

Secretary, 
R. W. ROBBINS. 

Solicitor, 
WM. H. YERKES. 

Superintendent, 
RUSSELL THAYER. 

Commissioners, 

Theodore Cuyler, Eli K. Price, 

"William F. Dixey, ex off. Gustavus Remak, 

Robert W. Downing, ** John Rice, 

Wm. H. McFadden, " William S. Stokley, ex off. 

A. Wilson Henszey, " Thomas A. Scott, 

James McManes, Samuel L. Smedley, ex off, 

Morton McMichael, William Sellers, 

Henry M. Phillips, John Welsh. 

Office of Commission, 217 South Third Street. 



CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE 



OF THE 



FAIRMOUNT PARK COMMISSION 



WILLIAM SELLERS, Chairman. 
SAMUEL L. SMEDLEY, WILLIAM SELLERS, 

THEODORE CUYLER, JOHN WELSH, 

GUSTAVUS REMAK, JAMES McMANES, 

ROBERT W. DOWNING. 



THE NATIONAL EXECUTIVE BOARD OF THE INTER- 
NATIONAL EXHIBITION. 

COL. C. S. LYFORD, Chairman. 

Department of the Treasury , 
HON. R. W. TAYLOR. 

Department of War^ 
COL. C. S. LYFORD, U. S. A. 

Department of the Navy, 
ADM. T. A. JENKINS, U. S. N. 

Department of the Inte7'ior, 
JOHN EATON, Esq. 

Department of the Postal Service, 
DR. C. F. MCDONALD. 

Department of Agriculture, 
WM. SAUNDERS. 

The Smithsonian Institution. 
PROF. S. F. BAIRD. 




PREFACE. 



I ^HE Republic of the United States having determined to com- 
memorate the close of the first Centuiy of its existence by 
an International Exhibition, the City which was its birth-place 
was appropriately selected as the site of the Exhibition. 

But, for ulterior reasons also, the selection was wisely made. 
By a liberal provision for the health and enjoyment of her 
citizens, Philadelphia alone, among the cities of America, has 
reserved a tract of ground adequate for such an Exhibition. 



xviii PREFACE. 

If to this be added the further consideration, that the city 
was founded in deeds of peace, it appears necessarily and 
appropriately the place where our Nation's purposes of Peace 
should be given expression, by this assemblage of the people 
of the Nation, and the peoples and rulers of other nations. 

And, therefore, whatever proper desire there was to assemble 
this vast multitude around some other altar, dear to the 
memory of the people — when the delegates from the States 
and the Congress of the nation passed into the great natural 
amphitheatres of this pleasure-ground, a generous preference 
was given to Philadelphia as the place of the great Exhibition. 

The City has proved worthy of the selection; recognizing 
this generous preference, in unity with the States and the 
Nation, she completes the preparation for the first assemblage 
in America of the nations of the earth in the interests of peace. 







I "pAIRMOUNT PARK, in which the 
\}L^,rX International Exhibition of 1876 will 

>^ ^, . - '^ be holden, is the most extensive and in 
'^<^ natural advantag^es the most attractive among 
the pleasure grounds of the cities of America. 



8 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

It comprises over 3000 acres of ground, and is traversed by fifty miles 
of carriage drive, and one hundred miles of path for pedestrians and 
equestrians. It borders and includes the Schuylkill River and the Wissa- 
hickon, a tributary stream, and begins at Fairmount, a point on the for- 
mer, distant about one and a half mile from the Centre Square of the 
city, and terminates at Chestnut Hill, on the latter, distance of over twelve 
miles. 

The Schuylkill, its principal river, has an average breadth of a quarter of 
a mile ; in some of its portions winding so as to present the appearance of 
broad lakes, at others showing a full silent flow for long distances. The 
Wissahickon is one of, if not the most remarkable of all known waters, as a 
type of the purely romantic in scenery. The Park has twenty small streams, 
tributaries of these, with four mineral springs, and one hundred and fifty 
of pure cold water, in some places found bubbling through the green- 
sward, in others trickling down the rocky hillsides. * It has every variety 
of scenery — cascades, green and wooded islands, meadows, uplands, 
lawns, rocky ravines, high hill summits, and open fields. It contains two 
hundred thousand native, many foreign trees, shrubi, and vines, and a great 
variety of indigenous flowers. It has also the remains of the primeval 
forests as they stood in the days of the aborigines, and old historic man- 
sions which connect the present era with the days prior to the Revolution, 
and preserve the memory of the greatest statesmen, jurists, and heroes of 
America. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 




" <-^i<ii''^,^ 



The most prominent object near the main entrance of the Park is an 
ancient hill, formed into a reservoir. An entrance for pedestrians passes 



lo FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

along its lower side, under a bridge, into a garden, in which the principal 
water-works of the city are located. The main entrance of the Park for 
equestrians, pedestrians, and carriages passes along its upper side. The 
hill is terraced, with easy ascents, and planted with trees. 

Its name, originally **Faire-mount," embraces as well all the near objects 
as itself; the Bridge, the Water-works, the Dam, the Landing, the Garden ; 
and in the formation of the Park it was extended to the entire grounds. 
Fairmount has, with its first ownership, a noteworthy association with the 
founder of the State. His eye contemplated it as his place of residence ; 
this purpose was not executed, but it assures us of a taste, which in this,' 
as in all other things, meets the most unreserved approval, and among the 
men of those days, there is no one with whom our Fairmount could be 
more appropriately associated. The Founder was, with all beside for 
which we hold'^his name in veneration, a lover of nature ; for himself, 
having most pleasure in the country life. He gave the hill beyond its 
first name, by causing a vineyard to be planted there. He designed 
Philadelphia to be and remain "a. green countrie towne;" and laid out its 
four open squares to be so forever; he would have even kept the borders 
of the Delaware a grassy slope, and called his State Sylvatiia. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



II 




THE FAIRMOUNT BRIDGE, 

Which crosses the river here, winds along the lower side of the hill, form- 
ing on both sides of the river the Park's southern boundary. It is a mas- 
sive structure of granite and iron, with roadways on its upper and lower 



12 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

chord. Its entire length, with the approaches, is 2730 feet; it crosses the 
river by a single span of 348 feet; the roadway of each chord, which is 
32 feet broad, has outside footways 8 feet broad ; the width of the bridge 
from centre to centre of each is 50 feet; the upper chord of the bridge 
crosses the entrance at a height of 30 feet over it, with spans 60 feet 
apart, and crosses the Pennsylvania Railroad at that height on the oppo- 
site shore ; the towers and abutments are of mason granite. It is the fourth 
bridge which has crossed at this place ; the first was a floating bridge, of 
which an engraving remains, made in 1796; this was succeeded by a sin- 
gle span wooden structure of graceful proportions, once described as a 
scarf thrown across the river.^ It was destroyed by fire Sept. i, 1838. Its 
successor was the wire-bridge — cables suspended over two granite columns 
on each side the river. ^ The present bridge was commenced in the early 
part of 1873, ^^^ opened July 4, 1875. ^^ ^^^^^ designed by Strickland 
Kneass; iron work by the Keystone Bridge Co. ; masonry, Wm. M. 
Wiley, of Lancaster ; it replaced the former bridge without any interrup- 
tion of travel. The bridge commands a view of the city and the Park to 
Belmont and river, and first glimpses of the Exhibition Buildings. 

1 Built by Lewis Wernwag in 1 8 13. 

2 Built by Charles Ellet, and opened Jan. 2, 1842. 




THE FAIRMOUNT WATER WORKS.^ 

Philadelphia was first supplied with water from the Schuylkill in 1799; 
these works were commenced in 181 2, and were put in operation three 
years afterwards. 

They were originally run by steaifr-power. The Dam was commenced 
in 1 81 9. Water flowed over it for the first time in 1821, and in the fall 
of 1822 the first wheel started and the use of steam was discontinued. 
The building in which these steam-engines were erected is still standing, 
and since 1835 ^^^ been occupied as a saloon. Adjoining the saloon is 



' During the occupancy of Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1776, to June 18, 1778, the British 
had pickets in the Robert Morris Mansion. Their line of redoubts began in Kensington 
and extended by Bush Hill, terminating at Fairniount. The redoubts were visible on 
the Fairmount Hill until the completion of the last reservoir. 

3 '3 



14 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

the entrance to the first range of the water-wheel houses. A second range 
of wheel-houses, subseqtiently built at right angles with the first, extends 
towards the Dam. Very considerable changes have been made in the 
first range of houses since their erection, and all the old wheels are being 
replaced by turbines. 

The works when complete will have a pumping capacity of 34,191,619 
gallons per twenty-four hours. 

The Dam was entirely rebuilt in 1842-3; its overflow is 11 48 feet 10 
inches in length, and 12 feet 6 inches in height above low tide. 

The Hill at Fairmount contains four reservoirs supplied by these 
works, holding 26,996,636 gallons. 

The water-level is ninety-six teet above the city datum;' the stand-pipe 
is fifty feet high from its base, and thirty feet above the level of the 
reservoir when full. Analyses of this water, made in 1845 ^^^^ 1852, 
show a grade of purity higher than the supply of New York, and much 
higher than that of London. The monumental bust of-Frederic Graff,** 
the engineer by whom these works were designed, was erected here by 
the Councils of Philadelphia, June i, 1848. 

The fountain opposite the wheel-houses, Leda^ and the Swan, was 
brought from the Centre Square, where the first works were erected. 

The two colossal figures in the saloon. Justice and Wisdom, were 
carved for the occasion of Lafayette's reception in this city, in 1824, 
and were the supporters of the City Coat of Arms placed on a triumphal 
arch erected in front of the old State House, in Independence Square; 
when first done, they closely resembled marble. 

The east side of the reservoir gives a fine view of Girard College. 

^ The datum is a grade based on a high-tide water-level of the Delaware. 

' The father of the present Chief Engineer, 

3 Modelled in 1812 from a celebrated belle of that day, Miss Vanuxen. 




THE LINCOLN MONUMENT. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 15 

The main carriage road, after passing Fairmount, descends into an 
open plaza ; in which are, a fountain, a pavilion which covers a mineral 
spring, the Park carriage stand, the barge houses of the Schuylkill Navy, 
the Steamboat Landing, and the Statue of Lincoln. 



THE LINCOLN STATUE. 

This statue was dedicated on the 2 2d September, 1871, in the pre- 
sence of a great concourse of citizens. It is of bronze, and repre- 
sents the President seated. The right hand holds a pen, the left the 
Emancipation Proclamation. The height of the statue is nine feet six 
inches. The pedestal is granite, with two four-sided plinths ; on the 
faces of the upper are crossed flags, the United States arms, the arms 
of the State, and crossed swords ; on the faces of the lower are these 

inscriptions : — 

To 

Abraham Lincoln, 

From a grateful people. 



Let us here highly resolve 

That the government of the people, 

By the people and for the people, 

Shall not perish from the earth. 



I do order and declare 

That all persons held as slaves 

Within the States in rebellion 

Are and henceforth shall be 

Free! 



With malice towards none, 

With chanty for all, 

With firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, 

Let us finish the work we are in 



i6 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 




THE FOUNTAIN. 

This fountain occupies the site of an ancient fish-pond; in this pond 
were many goldfish which found their way into the Schuylkill by canals 
dug through the plaza when the grounds were, some years ago, given 
over to speculative purposes. The fish now in the inclosure of the 
fountain are the lineal descendants of these, and were some years ago 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. jy 

taken from the Schuylkill, where they have formed a very numerous 
colony. 

THE MINERAL SPRING. 

This spring has from a very remote period enjoyed a considerable 
reputation for the strengthening properties of its waters; they are chaly- 
beate. 

On summer mornings, visitors are found around this spring, sometimes 
in sufficient numbers to recall the scenes at the more popular waters of 
Saratoga and the Badens. 

THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER. 

An ancient fisherman of the State in Schuylkill, thus describes to 
the writer this river as it was until the building of the Fairmount Dam 
and the removing of their old fishing house from the Park limits in 
1822. On the east bank, from Fairmount to the Falls, there were bold 
rocks — two remarkable ones at the Hills, and one at the Columbia 
Bridge. On the west bank,* above the Fishing House, there was also a 
large rock ; but, for the most part, the shore on that side was shelving to 
the river. There were more islands than now, among them was one 
above the Fishing House, thickly wooded, a favorite resort for the 
people ; a narrow channel ran between it and the shore, and the trees on 
the island and along the shore interlaced their branches. The island 
known as Peters, at the Columbia Bridge, was larger. The feature 
which characterized most noticeably both the shores and the island was 

' Nothing can equal the beauties of the cof^p-cTcrii which the banks of the Schuylkill 
present in descending towards the south from the Falls to Philadelphia. — Chastellux 

(1780). 



1 8 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

a great profusion of wild flowers, coloring them with their various hues. 
On the bluffs of the east bank, and along the ridges of the west, the land- 
scape-gardeners on the country-seats had changed the natural character- 
istics of the grounds to the formal style of the times, but between these 
and the river all was untouched. 

The river was then subject to the rise and fall of the tide ; this made 
at places, where its bed was irregular and rocky, falls or descents ; there 
at the going out of the tide it ran or fell with some violence and shock, 
giving rise to one of its Indian names, '*The Noisy Water;" this ceased 
with the building of the Dam, and it then assumed its present broad> 
even, silent flow; this, and the submerging of some of the islands by the 
back-water, and a decrease in the size of those which remain, are the 
most marked features of the change from that early time. Portions of 
the bluff's, also, are concealed by the bridges which now span the river. 
Other portions of them have been used by quarrymen, but many of those 
old landmarks — bluffs, islands, and shelving shores — are still clearly 
traceable ; and the placid beauty of its now broader and quiet waters is 
even more attractive than its rapid flow before the erection of the Dam. 
The grounds of the old country-seats have lost much by neglect, yet 
they have also gained by the removal of the narrower, separate designs 
and road-ways of the individual owner, and their absorption into broad 
general effects and avenues for the people. The flowers are also reveal- 
ing themselves again along the shores, while the grounds around the old 
mansions, so dear to our remembrance, have been preserved and are 
being restored, so that this beautiful river, thpn so attractive, is returned 
again with a heightened effect to the condition of its earlier era. As one 
of its names* evidences that it was to the aborigines, so it is to us also, 

* Called by the aborigines "Ganshewehanna," the noisy stream ; and " Manayunk," 
our place of drinking. The present is a Holland name, originating with the first settlers. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



19 



'^our place of drinking," and it is to the popular determination to retain 
it for this purpose we owe mainly the preservation of its shores as a 
great public pleasure-ground. And surely never before in the world 
had a people in any city, even in the remote East or classic lands, such 
''flower-crowned bowl" from which to drink, as is this river; nor ever 
before beautified a common necessity of life with so perfect a measure 
of all its romance and poetry. 




THE SCHUYLKILL NAVY. 

"The healthful and manly exercise of rowing." 

Boating on the Schuylkill begins with the light canoe of the Indian. 
From this rude though graceful origin, and following close upon it, came 
the boats which composed the squadron of ''the Colony in Schuylkill," 
and the bateaux of Fort St. David's. This squadron, called also "the 
Schuylkill Navy," was composed of the "Shirk" and the "Fly;" their 



•20 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

successors, under an act passed in 1762, for the augmentation of ''the 
Navy in Schuylkill," were the ''Manayunk" and "Washington," re- 
spectively fifteen and seventeen feet long, they were built of mulberry 
timber, with ash oars; these remained until 1822 within the Park limits. 
The barge of the Founder, also, sometimes appeared on these waters; 
it was one of much stateliness — had a regular crew and officers — pulled 
six oars, and bore the broad pennant with the Proprietary's arms. 
The Founder had enough of the great Admiral's blood in his veins to 
delight in boats, for this barge he always manifested much solicitude, 
and in a letter to James Logan, whose v/ords go straight to the true 
waterman's heart, he says: ''But above all dead things, my barge; I 
hope nobody uses it on any account, and that she is kept in a dry dock, 
or, at least, covered from the v/eather." After these came the pioneer 
clubs, which preceded the present organization; the first of which, the 
"Blue Devil," was organized 1833. Its first barge, the "Blue Devil" 
participated in the earliest regatta of which we have record (Nov. 12, 
1835). In this regatta, the Ariel, Nymph, Dolphin, and another were 
entered, four-oared barges; and the Cleopatra, Falcon, Sylph, Blue 
Devil, Metamora, Aurora, and Imp, eight-oared barges. The organiza- 
tion of the present Schuylkill Navy was effected in 1858, and the first re- 
gatta took place in 1859. It then numbered eleven clubs, the Bachelors, 
University, Keystone, Camilla, Independent, Undine, Neptune, Che- 
bucto, Quaker City, Nautilus, and Excelsior ; and twenty boats, the 
Linda, Iris, Gazelle, Ariel, Lucifer, Arab, Spree, Atlanta, Gipsey, Naiad, 
Whisper, Undine, Fawn, Irene, Menanka, Cygnet, Spider, Nautilus, 
Intrepid, and Falcon. It is now, both in its appointments and organiza- 
tion, the most complete association devoted to rowing in the world. It 
numbers ten clubs and sixty-seven boats. It has four hundred and 
seventy-one members; and its boats and houses are valued at ^100,000. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 2, 

In addition to the regattas, and usual daily exercise, the clubs of this 
Navy sometimes make long excursions. One of these was made in i86i, 
by the Malta Club, on the Susquehanna to Havre de Grace ; another, to 
Easton, by tht Pickwick Club, to which the Crescent is the successor. 
In May, 1859, the Bachelors Barge Club made an excursion on the 
Delaware River and Delav/are and Raritan Canal to New York. And a 
double scull outrigger, the Fawn, of the Undine Club, made the same 
excursion, September 10, 1867; distance 105 miles, rowing time eighteen 
hours. 

An entire revolution is going on in the class of boats used by the Navy, 
which will have a very important bearing on the future of this organiza- 
tion and boating generally. The shell is superseding the others. This 
means necessarily an advance in the science Itself, and, with the river best 
adapted In this country on account of Its almost uniform quiet at all sea- 
sons, its width, length, and freedom from traffic, may ultimately render 
this organization the universal centre for test trials of skill and endurance. 
These trials In England, and to a great extent In this country, concentrate 
an Interest which may be called national. 




zt 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 




THE PHILADELPHIA SKATING CLUB. 

Incorporated 1861. Its objects are improvement in the art of skating, 
and securing efficiency in the use of, and proper apparatus to rescue per- 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 23 

sons breaking through the ice. The active members in 1864 were 260, 
honorary 10; they now number 350. 

The house occupied by the Club is forty feet front by sixty feet in 
depth, two stories high, built of fine gray stone, and pointed. The 
building is of Italian architecture, and ornamented with a handsome 
cupola and flagstaff fifty-five feet high. The roof is covered with slat- 
work, and encircled with a secure and handsome railing, and has a cupola. 

The first story, forty by sixty feet, is appropriated entirely for the life- 
saving apparatus and barge boats. The second story is divided as fol- 
lows: A Ladies' or Reception Room, fronting on the water, with a 
Retiring Room, the Members' Room, Executive Committees' Room, 
and the Board of Surgeons' Room. This room is furnished with all kinds 
of the most approved apparatus for rescuing and restoring suspended 
respiration to persons drowning, consisting of — i. Badges; 2. Cord and 
reels; 3. Ladders; 4. Hooks; 5. Axes; 6. Life-floats; 7. Station flags; 
8. Caution flags; 9. Life-lines; 10. Air-hole guards; 11. Boats; 12. 
Blankets, grapnels, and drags. The boats are made of cedar, small and 
light, about one hundred pounds in weight, and sixteen feet long^ (see 
plate). The records of the Society show that two hundred and sixty-one 
lives have been saved through its instrumentality. Among its members 
is Col. James Page, who still, as he was half a century ago, is our most 
graceful skater, and linked with all the boyish memories of the passing 
generation. 

» All these are placed at the disposal of the Commission by the Society. 
4 



24 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



Leaving the Plaza, the road ascends* the second of these hills, the site 
of Robert Morris's home, known of late years as Lemon Hill.^ 







Near the mansion which stands there,'' and of which this is a drawing, 
the road passes on the left hand two Tulip Poplars and Pines, which 



' It passes on the right hand four deciduous (swamp) cypress-trees, the remains of a 
large group. 

2 Called formerly "Old Vineyard Hill." Tlie Founder sent a skilful gardener from 
France and introduced the culture of foreign grapes here, but' with no great success. His 
contributions to the attractions of ntiture should also be mentioned: he sent from 
England walnuts, hawthorns, hazels, and fruit-trees; a great variety of rare seeds and 
roots from Maiyland, also some panniers of trees and shrubs ; and directed by his letters 
that "the most beautiful wild flowers of tlje woods" should be transplanted to his 
grounds. 

3 The late Mr. Pratt, a merchant of this city, was building here in the summer of 1796, 
probably erecting this mansion. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 25 

Stood there during the Revolution; and are noble representatives of the 
primeval forest. The general character of the grounds remains un- 
changed. The forms of the superb terraces are still visible, although the 
rare flowers, vases, and statues once there are gone. There is a good 
view of Fairmount, the river, and the city from the hall-door of this man- 
sion. 

In the old house, ^ which stood here, Robert Morris resided from 1770 
to 1798, twenty-eight years — a period embra'^ing the Revolution and ths 




^^r^ 



n^^,^^ 



Presidency of Washington. He had a fine mansion in the city, but his 
house on these grounds was his home; winter and summer his hours of 
rest and enjoyment were passed here. In 1776 (Dec. 29) he wrote to 
Baltimore, where Congress, having fled from the city, was sitting: ''I 
have always been satisfied with Philadelphia and the Hills. At the same 
time I have been constantly prepared ; my things packed up, horses and 
carriages ready at any moment ; I dine at the Hills to-day, and have 
done so every Sunday. Thus, you see, I continue my old practice of 
mixing business with pleasure; I ever found them useful to each other." 

1 The cut is a fac-simile of Robert Morris's home, from a painting by the late Samuel 
Breck. 



26 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

And when the evil days came, in which he had no pleasure, still he 
clung to this place. From ''the Hills" he wrote (Feb. 8, 1798J: "It is 
the only place of calmness and quiet my foot was in all day yesterday." 

ROBERT MORRIS. 

Robert Morris was the representative of the capitalists of the Colonies, 
the most honorable, and the most unfortunate. As such, he has left, of 
his public life, three records, intelligible to his own and to after genera- 
tions. His first record is a letter, a short extract from which follows; it 
was written on these grounds. 

From the Hills on Schuylkill: — 

"July 20th, 1776. 

. . . ''It is the duty of every individual to act his part in whatever 
station his country may call him to, in a time of difficulty, danger, or dis- 
tress." 

His second record is his signature to the great Declaration, and the 
pledge of his financial abilities and his private fortune to the cause of the 
Colonies. 

His third record is the ledger of his counting-house and the folios 
of the Government, of which he was the Treasurer from the year 1781 
to the close of the Revolution. These show that he held the army 
together, from hour to hour, through the Revolution, by the credit of 
his individual name.* 

Among the items of the accounts of this faithful steward are some 
which illustrate the whole. 1779 and 1780 were the most distressing 

» "The individual notes of Robert Morris circulated as cash through the Colonies." — 
Chastellux (1780). 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 27 

years of the war. On a pressing occasion, during this period, Washing- 
ton communicated to Judge Peters the condition of the pubHc stores : 
his army was without cartridges, those in the men's boxes were wet;* if 
attacked, retreat or destruction was inevitable. In this emergency the 
Board of War, of which Judge Peters was Secretary, was powerless ; all 
the lead accessible was exhausted, even to the lead spouts of the houses, 
and the Board was then offering for it, without obtaining any, the equiva- 
lent in paper of two shillings in specie a pound. Judge Peters showed 
Washington's letter to Mr. Morris, who was with others at a reception at 
Don Juan Mirailles's, the Spanish Minister. 

By a fortunate concurrence, a privateer had that day arrived at the 
wharf at Philadelphia, one-half consigned to Mr. Morris. He said to Judge 
Peters, one-half of the Holker's cargo is consigned to me ; she is at the 
wharf, take the one-half of the unfortunate supply — it is ninety tons of 
lead ; the owners of the other half are standing there ; get theirs also. 
But, said Judge Peters, they will make no further advances to the govern- 
ment. Then, said Mr. Morris, I take myself their portion and deliver it 
to you..-. The arrangement was at once made. That night one hundred 
hands were employed. Before morning a supply of cartridges was on its 
way to the army. 

Again, December, 1776, from his broken army on the Delaware, 
Washington wrote that without specie an offensive movement could not 
be made. This letter was sent by a confidential messenger to Mr. Morris; 
but it seemed impossible, in the general confusion and flight of the citi- 
zens, to raise the sum required. Among his acquaintances, however, was 
a cautious but straightforward capitalist. To this man he made his wishes 
known. Wliat is the security for this sum? said the capitalist. My note 
and my honor, was the answer of Morris. On that security I will loan 
4* 



28 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

the money, was his answer. With this money Washington was enabled 
safely to cross the Delaware and secure the decisive result at Trenton. 

At the most critical period of our nation's early history, 1781, Judge 
Peters, Robert Morris, and Washington were together at the Head- 
quarters of the Army, on the North River. Washington received on that 
occasion a letter from the Count De Grasse, announcing his determination 
to remain in the West Indies with the French fleet. Washington read the 
letter, which destroyed at one blow his plan of operations on the city 
of New York, and resolved at once on the expedition to Virginia. Turn- 
ing to Judge Peters, he said. What can you do for me? With money, 
everything; without it, nothing — was the brief reply, as he turned with an 
anxious look to Morris. Let me know the sum you desire, said the Patriot 
Financier. Washington's estimates were made that night. Morris placed, 
within the required time, the amount of the estimates in Judge Peters' s 
hands — the army moved. The result was the surrender of Lord Corn- 
wallis, at Yorktown — the successful close of the war for the Independence 
of the Colonies. 

Judge Peters gives the requirements of Washington, for this brilliant 
and final effort, as follows: *' Seventy to eighty pieces of battering cannon, 
and one hundred of field artillery, were completely fitted and sent on for 
service in three or four weeks, progressively; and the whole together, 
with the expense of provisions for, and pay of, the army was accom- 
plished on Mr. Morris's credit, which he pledged in his notes, which were 
all paid, to the amount of one million four hundred thousand dollars. 
Assistance was, 'tis true, afforded by Virginia and other States, from the 
merit whereof I do not mean to detract. We had no money in the War 
Office chest; the Treasury was empty; and the expedition would never 
have been operative, had not most fortunately Mr. Morris's credit and 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 29 

superior exertions and management supplied the indispensable sine qua 
non.''^ 

These are items in the account of this faithful steward. And when it 
is considered that bills of credit finally would buy nothing; that cattle 
died on the road to the army for want of public money to buy provender; 
that the Colonies themselves ceased to comply with the requisitions upon 
them; that clothes for the soldiers were sold to pay the more suffering 
needlewomen who made them — we may estimate how constant were those 
drains upon his private fortune, and how large was their aggregate. 

From the spirit and the word of that letter from "the Hills," Robert 
Morris, from the first to the last, never swerved. The signature which he 
appended to the Declaration was repeated again and again to notes which 
were met as they matured, and which amounted to millions; but this ex- 
penditure of his private fortune, princely as it was, was not the measure 
of his service. The folios of the Government show a reduction of ex- 
penseSj while its finances were in his hands, from eighteen to four millions 
annually, and this still was not the full measure of his service. These 
pledges of the individual wealth of a man, who was himself the national 
coffer, i7ispired as well as sustained the country ; this completes the mea- 
sure of his services, for this he was called in his day the right arm of the 
Revolution. 

» Judge Peters to Alexander Garden, Esq., Belmont, Dec. 20, 1821, MS. 

John Adams was for some time his near neighbor. His house was at Bush Hill. 



30 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



The main carriage road passes next over the third of these hills, 
formerly known as 

SEDGELEY PARK. 

This portion of the grounds, a tract of thirty-four acres, was purchasea 
by contributions from citizens of Philadelphia, and presented to the city, 
in 1857, for a public park and to preserve the purity of the Schuylkill 
water. The acceptance of this gift by the city was followed by its im- 
mediate dedication to the people for their use and enjoyment. A tasteful 
little structure stands here, formerly a porter's lodge, for a mansion 
which stood here overlooking the river ; the view from this portion of 
the grounds gives the bridges — the nearer the Girard Avenue, and the 
farther the Railroad Bridge— the Solitude on the opposite shore with its 
fine grove, and the site of the old fishing-house of the State in Schuylkill. 
Here are found some trees worthy of notice— the most remarkable one 
the road passes on the right hand. The hill breaks off in bluffs along 
the margin of the river, and forms a ravine through which a little rivulet 
runs; and along whose border violets, spring beauties, quaker ladies, 
and the May apple, the first spring offerings, are found. This hill is 
about eighty feet above the river — it has been selected as the site "for a 
monument to Humboldt. The most notable object in Sedgeley is an 
earthwork, yet traceable, constructed during the late war as part of the 
system of defences for Philadelphia; it is on its highest elevation near 
the bridge. There is also on these grounds another relic of those days — 



FAIRMOUNT TARK. 



31 




THE GIRARD AVENUE BRIDGE 
replaced a wooden structure on the same site. It was entirely rebuilt, 
from the foundation of the piers. It was begun the 12th day of May, 



^2 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

1873, ^^^ completed the 4th day of July, 1874. It is 1000 feet long, and 
100 feet wide; has a central roadway paved with granite blocks for car- 
riages and car-tracks, 67 feet wide, footpaths on either side 16^ feet wide, 
paved with slate-, with white marble borders. The bridge is constructed 
of iron and stone, with bronze ornamentation. It has five spans, three 
river, and two shore, the former each 197 feet long, the latter each 137 
feet long. The bridge rises from the east to the west abutment arch four 
feet grade ; the distance from the surface of the water to the western end 
pier is an average of 23 feet. The abutments are 108 feet long, and 18 
feet wide ; they are of granite, laid on a solid rock foundation, 25 to 30 
feet below the water surface. The lines of the piers are 120 feet long 
and 10 feet wide at the water surface, and 113 feet long and 8^ feet wide 
under the coping, with elliptical chords. The iron work at the arch abut- 
ment is 24 feet above the masonry, the roadway being an average of 50 
feet above the water surface. The railings are panelled with rich designs 
in bronze — the Phoenix, the Eagle, and the cotton plant alternating ; the 
bridge is lighted with 12 candelabra of graceful design. Designers and 
Constructors, Clark, Reeves & Co. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 33 

GRANT'S COTTAGE. 

The small frame house which stands on these grounds was brought 
heie, at the close of the late war, from City Point. It was there occupied 
by General Grant as his headquarters. 



The main carriage road gives a broad view of the river as it gradually 
descends the hill to the Girard Avenue Bridge. 

THE SCHUYLKILL WATER WORKS. 

These Works, brick buildings in the Egyptian order, stand in a ravine 
just beyond this bridge ; they are operated by steam. Their pumping 
capacity is 22,947,000 gallons per diem. The storage room in the reser- 
voir, attached to the Works, is 9,800,000 gallons. The Connecting Rail- 
way Bridge crosses here. The road unites railroad lines for all sections 
of the nation. Near its east abutment is 

THE TUNNEL. 

The hill, which forms the farther side of the ravine in which these 
works are situated, terminates in a huge rock, which rises abruptly from 
the water's edge to the height of sixty feet; this rock. Promontory Point, is 
tunnelled through for a road along the river. The tunnel is one hundred 
and forty feet long, forty-one feet wide, and twenty-two feet nine inches 
high, and is throughout solid natural rock, without any lining whatever; it 
is elliptical in section, with straight sides and an arched roof. It was 
begun October, 1870, and finished June, 1871. 



34 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 




THE STATE IN SCHUYLKILL. 

" Atte the leest he hath his holsom walke and mery at his ease a swete ayre of the 
swete savoure of the meede floures that makyth him hungry, and if the angler take fysshe 
surely there is noo man merier than he is in his spyryte."' 

A tract^ beginning at Solitude, and extending to the Sweet Brier Man- 
sion, was formerly called ^^Egglesfield." Its first owner, a contemporary 
with the aborigines, was one William Warner,^ an amiable and worthy 
man, and a member of the durable order of plain colors and rectitude. 
Nearly a century and a half ago (the year 1732), certain gentlemen, fol- 



1 Book of St. Albans. 

2 The estate was of late years the property of the Lorie family, of Philadelphia. 

3 William Warner died Sept. 12, 1794. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 3^ 

lowers of ''Walton," leased one acre of this tract; this they inclosed 
with a worm-fence. 

For the ground, they formally delivered on a large pewter plate to 
William Warner, as a yearly rental, every spring, "three sun perch iish," 
and they elevated him to the dignity of a Baron, so that he might be the 
more worthy to receive the service of this feudality. After securing the 
title to the one acre of ground, it is said they got together some of the 
same Indian chiefs who signed "the Treaty" with the Founder, and as 
tney had no Elm trees, they sat them down under their Black Walnut 
trees. 

They smoked many calumets of peace with them, and entered into a 
similar solemn treaty for the privilege of hunting and fishing at all times 
forever along these shores. The consideration for the privilege they 
ladled out to these swarthy granters from a large bowl, and if the courses 
of their signatures along the parchment were devious ones, it would assure, 
what we might credit without the assurance, that no advantage was taken 
of them in the consideration. The preliminaries thus arranged, these 
fishermen, w^th their sturdy arms, hewed down trees enough and erected 
themselves a hut. Then they constituted themselves, by letters patent, a 
colony, by name "The Colony in Schuylkill." For the Colony they 
elected a Governor, to order its general affairs ; a Sheriff, to serve writs 
of execution on the feathered denizens of the forest and the restive tres- 
passers of the stream ; a Coroner, to view their inanimate forms after exe- 
cution and pronounce them dead and edible. Having done all this, they 
then sat down to fish; and what is an incredible thing to all but fisher- 
men, they continued to sit there ninety years; at the end of this time, 
one morning their spirits became sorrowful, their corks rested on the 
water motionless. Looking around them, they perceived that civilization 
had been advancing steadily towards them, while they had been uncon- 
5 



36 



FAIRMOUxNT PARK. 



sciously sitting there, and that "an anathema"' fatal to fishermen had been 
levelled against them at Fairmount; a barrier through which their faithful 
fish could reach their hooks no longer. Then they got up, and, carrying 
their house with them, followed the course of the finny tribe further 
down the stream, and beyond the Park limits, where they and the house 
still remxain, but where the limits of this book forbid us to follow them, 
When these patient fishermen sat down to fish, one hundred and forty 
years ago, from the old Independence Hall to the borders of this Park 
was one unbroken wilderness. The canoe of the Indian v/as still there, 
and the deer drank at the borders of this stream; now, a city,^ with nearly 
a million of people, covers this whole area; the silver shad come to them 
no more, the rock more and more rarely, and the memory of the one 
trout fish they caught in this stream, a century ago, grows dimmer every 
hour, but they still sit quietly beside its borders, and they say to us, in 
their master's words, ''No life is so happy and so pleasant as the life of 
a well-governed angler, for when the lawyer is swallowed up in business, 
and the statesman is preventing or contriving plots, then he possesses 
himself in quietness;" and it is truly said of angling, what Dr. Boteler said 
of strawberries, "Doubtless God could have made a better berry, but 
doubtless God never did." And so, if we may be judges, God never 
did make a more calm, quiet, innocent recreation than angling, nor, it 
may be well added, worthier types of the good virtues of the angler than 
themselves. May they long continue to enjoy the savory shad upon the 
smoking board, the crisp, white catfish, and the steaming rock, ''dishes 
of meat too good for any but anglers, or very honest men." 



* The Fairmount Dam. 

' In 1745 there were but 2049 houses in Philadelphia; in 1871, 122,751. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



37 




THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN. 
The entire tract, embracing ''The Solitude," the grounds of the old 
Fishing-House, and an estate formerly known as Spring Hill, was trans- 
ferred by a lease from the Park Commissioners to the Zoological Society 
of Philadelphia. It covers thirty-three acres ; its boundaries are the 
River Road and the Pennsylvania Railroad, Thirty-fifth Street and 
Girard Avenue. The Garden has every variety of surface ; it has a 
piece of old woodland — the Solitude Grove, large water supply, and the 



3S FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

most complete drainage. The Solitude Villa — the former residence of 
John Penn, has been restored and preserves an interesting association of 
the grounds. The improvements are of a very ornate, as well as durable, 
character. The collection of Birds and Animals is already large, and 
constantly increasing by the private agencies of the Society, donations, 
and contributions from officers and others in the army and naval service, 
made by permission of the Government of the United States. 

The Society was incorporated March, 21, 1859. The Garden was 
first opened July i, 1874. It is open for visitors every day during the 
entire year. A moderate charge for admission is made. 

OFFICERS. 

Pi'esident. 
WILLIAM CAMAC, M. D. 

Vice-Presidents. 

J. GILLINGHAM FELL. GEORGE W. GUILDS. 

Corresponding Secretary. 

JOHN L. LECONTE, M. D. 

Recording Secretary. 
JOHN SAMUEL. 

Treasurer. 
FRANK H. CLARK. 

Actuary, 
CHARLES L. JEFFERSON. 

Managers. 

William S. Vaux, S. Fisher Corlics, 

Frederick Graff, Theodore L. Harrison, 

William Hacker, Henry C. Gibson, 

J. Vaughan Merrick, Isaac J. Wistar, 

John Wagner, EdM-ard Biddlc, 

William H. Merrick, Charles W. TroUer. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



39 




THE EXHIBITION GROUNDS. 

The visitor leaving the Garden may either continue on Girard Avenue 
to Eh-n Avenue, or under the Railroad Bridge.^ By the latter he passes 
over Eaglesfield, a knoll of land partly covered by a wood, over which 
the road rises and descends to a bridge, then winds around a second 
knoll, passing over grounds formerly known as Peterstone ; these contain 

' The Pennsylvania Raihvay, connecting lines throughout the United States. 



40 FAIR MOUNT PARK. 

Sweet Briar Mansion f passing again by a wood, the visitor enters the 
Exhibition Grounds. 

These grounds were formally transferred by the Park Commissioners 
to the Commissioners of the International Exhibition on the 4th day of 
July 1873; ^^^^ the Proclamation of the Exhibition made by order of 
the President of the United States. The reservation contains 450 
acres; it extends from this point to George's Hill and Ridgeland, em- 
bracing two tracts — Landsdov»me and Belmont ; the first — Lansdowne, is 
bounded by the river, Elm Avenue — the Park's southern boundary, 
George's Hill, and the Belmont tract. It is a plateau known as the 
Lansdowne Plateau, and a second plateau lying north and westward — 
Lansdowne Terrace, separated by a ravine from the other. This first 
tract is the site of the National Memorial, the Main Exhibition 
Building, Agricultural and Machinery Halls, and the Horticultural Hall 
and grounds. Belmont, the second of these tracts, is bounded by the 
Lansdowne tract, Ridgeland, Elm Avenue, and the River; it is the 
reservation for Agriculture. 

2 Erected 1791, by John Ross, a merchant of Philadelphia; formerly the residence of 
Samuel Breck. Seepage 113. 




FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



41 




THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING 

Is located on the Plateau east of Belmont and north of Elm Avenues. It 
stands 170 feet back from the north side of Elm Avenue, and 300 feet 
from the south side or front of the Art Gallery. 

The building is in the form of a parallelogram, extending east and west 
1,880 feet, and north and south 464 feet. 

The larger portion of the structure is one story in height, and shows 
the main cornice on the outside 45 feet above the ground. At the centre 
of the longer sides of the building are projections 416 feet in length, and 
in the centre of the shorter sides or ends are projections 216 feet in length. 
In these projections are located the main entrances, which are provided with 
arcades upon the ground floor, and central facades extending to the height 
of 90 feet. 

The East Entrance forms the principal approach for carriages. 

The South Entrance for street-cars ; the ticket-offices being located upon 
the line of Elm Avenue, with covered w^ays provided for entrance into 
the building itself. 

The North Entrance communicates directly with the Art Gallery. 

The West entrance gives the main passage-way to the Machinery Hall. 

Upon the corners of the building are four towers 75 feet in height, 
and between the towers and the central projections or entrances, a lower 
roof, showing a cornice 24 feet above the ground. 



42 



FAIRMOUNT PARI 




DIMENSIONS. 

Measurements taken from centre to centre of supporting columns. 

Length of Building iSSofeet. 

Width of Building 4^4 " 



Central Avenue or Nave. 
Length . . . . 

Width . . . . 



1832 
120 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



43 




Fi BtJIIj^II^G. 11 —:^ ^ 



Height to top of supporting columns 
Height to ridge of roof 



45 feet. 
70 " 



Central Transept. 

Length 416 " 

Width 120 " 

Height to top of columns ......... 45 " 

Height to ridge of roof .......... 65 " 



44 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



Side Avenues. 
Length 
Width . 

Height to top of cokimns 
Height to ridge of roof 



1 23 2 feet. 
100 " 

45 " 
65 " 



Side Transepts. 

Length 416 

"Width 100 

Height to top of cokimns .......... 45 

Height to ridge of roof 65 

Central Aisles. 

Length at east-end .......... 744 feet 

" at west-end ......... 672 

Width 48 

Height to roof .......... 30 

Side Aisles. 

Length at east-e;pd ^. 744 

" at west-end . . , 672 



Width . 
Height to roof 



Central Space or Pavilion. 

Ground Plan ..... 
Height to top of supporting columns 
Height to ridge of roof . 



24 
24 



120 

72 
96 



Towers over Courts. 

Ground Plan 48 

Height of Roof 120 



Corner Towers. 
Ground Plan . 



24 



Height to roof .......... 75 



square. 



square. 



square. 



The foundations consist of piers of masonry. 

The superstructure, of wrought-iron columns and wrought-iron roof 
trusses. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 45 

The columns are placed lengthwise the building, at the distance of 24 
feet apart ; and the sides of the building, for the height of seven feet from 
the ground, are finished with timber framed in panels between the columns, 
and, above the seven feet, with glazed sash. Portions of the sash are 
movable for ventilation. 

The wrought-iron columns are composed of rolled channel bars with 
plates riveted to the flanges. 

The roof trusses are similar in form to those in general use for Depots 
and Warehouses. 

Upon the exterior of the building, around each corner column, is placed 
a light casing of galvanized iron, octagonal in form, and designed to 
appear as a slender turret extending from the ground to above the roof. 

The roof over the central part, for 184 feet square, is raised above the 
surrounding portion, and four towers, 48 feet square, rise to 120 feet in 
height at the corners of the elevated roof. 

The areas covered are as follows : 

Ground Floor 872,320 squcare feet. 20.02 acres. 

Upper Floors, in projections 37,344- " " -^5 " 

" " in towers 26,344 " " .60 " 



936,008 21.47 

GROUND PLAN. 

The Ground Plan shows a central avenue or nave 1 20 feet in width, and 
extending 1,832 feet in length. This is the longest avenue, of that width, 
ever introduced into an Exhibition Building. On either side of this nave 
is an avenue 100 feet, by 1,832 feet in length. Between the nave and side 
avenues are aisles 48 feet ; and, on the outer sides of the building, smaller 
aisles 24 feet in width. 

Three cross-avenues or transepts of the same widths, and in the same 
6 



46 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

relative positions to each other as the nave and avenues, run lengthwise ; 
viz. : a central transept 120 feet in width by 416 feet in length, with one 
on either side of 100 feet by 416 feet, and aisles between of 48 feet. 

The intersections of these avenues and transepts in the central portion 
of the building result in dividing the ground floor into nine open spaces free 
from supporting columns — covering in the aggregate an area of 416 feet 
square. Four of these spaces are 100 feet square, four 100 feet by 120 
feet, and the central space or pavilion 120 feet square. The intersections 
of the aisles result in four interior courts 48 feet square, one at each corner 
of the central space. 

The main promenades through the nave and central transept, are each 
30 feet in width, those through the centre of the side avenues and transepts 
15 feet each. All others are 10 feet wide. 

The Private Offices for the various Foreign and State Commissions are 
on the ground floor and in the second story on either side of the Main 
Entrances, in close proximity to their exhibited products. 

Buffets or Restaurants for light refreshments are at four prominent points. 

Water is supplied freely throughout the entire building, the most com- 
plete provision being made for protection against fire. 

Sanitary arrangements, easy of access, are located at six different points. 



ARRANGEMENT OF PRODUCTS. 

The arrangement of products exhibited is that recommended by the 
Committee on Classification of, and adopted by, the U. S. Centennial 
Commission. It is known as the Dual System of Classification, and will 
be applied in this building as follows : 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. ^^ 

Dept. I. Materials in their unwrought condition. Mineral, vegetable, and animal. 

Dept. II. Materials and Manufactures the result of extractive or combining pro- 
cesses. 

Dept. III. Textile and Felted Fabrics. Apparel, costumes, and ornaments for the 
person. 

Dept. IV. Furniture and Manufactures of general use in construction and in 
dwellings. 

Dept. V. Tools, Implements, Machines, and Processes. 

Dept. VI. Motors and Transportation. 

Dept. VII. Apparatus and Methods for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. 

Dept. VIII. Engineering, Public Works, Architecture. 

Dept. IX. Plastic and Graphic Arts. 

Dept. X. Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of die Physical, Intellectual, 
and Moral Condition of Man. 

In this building will be located portions of all of the above Departments, except No. 
VI., which will be placed in the Machinery Hall, and No. IX. to which the Art Gallery 
will be especially devoted. 

The Departments will be arranged in parallel zones lengthwise the 
Building, the zones being of different widths, according to the bulk of the 
products exhibited in the particular department. The countries and 
States exhibiting will be arranged in parallel zones crosswise the Building; 
these zones also being of different widths, according to the amount of 
space required for the exhibits of each country. Between each Depart- 
ment and each country will be passage-ways, distinctly marking the limit 
of each. 

The result of this dual system will be, that any visitor or student desiring 
to compare products of the same kind from different parts of the world 
may do so by passing through the building lengthwise, keeping in the 
zone devoted to the particular Department ; or desiring to examine the 
products exhibited by any particular Country or State may do so by pass- 
ing through the Building crosswise, in the zone devoted to the particular 
Country or State. 



48 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



GROUND PIAN AND ORIGINAL ALLOTMENT OF SPACE 




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FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



49 



IN THE MAIN EXHIBITION BUILDING. 



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50 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



The allotment is provisional and subject to modification to conform to 
the bulk of exhibits.'' 



From the Main Building a broad avenue extends westward to the 
Machinery Halls and a passage northward to the National Memorial, a 
structure now rapidly advancing to completion. 

These three buildings are grouped together and made directly acces- 
sible by the Reading Railroad, the street lines of cars, by boats, and by 
the Pennsylvania Railroad, which passes up to the south fronts of the 
Main Exhibition Building and the Machinery Hall. 



The following changes have been made in the original allotment of space: — 



France 


will 


occupy 43,314.5 sq. ft. 


Sweden will occupy 15,358.8 


Switzerland 




6,646.8 " 


Norway ' 


6,897 


United States 




" 166,351.7 - 


Netherlands * 


8,167.5 


England 




51.776.3 " 


Germany ' 


27,975.5 


Canada 




" 24,070.8 '* 


Austria * 


* 24,070.8 


Australasia, in- 


) 




Japan 


6,566.8 


cluding India & 




*< 24,070.8 " 


China * 


7,504 


other colonies 


) 




Denmark * 


5,647.5 


Great Britain (total) 


99,917.9 '« 


Orange * 


1,057.5 


Spain 




15,609 ♦' 


Sandwich Islands * 


1,462.5 


Hungary 




6,646.8 " 


U. S. Colombia ' 


2,337 


Persia 




** 2,015 " 


Ecuador ' 


2,432 


Egygt 




5,146 - 


Venezuela ♦ 


2,337 


Siam 




«' 2,015 '* 


Arg. Confed. • 


2,432 


Turkey 




4,895.8 - 


Ilayti « 


2,128 


Peru 




40,518.8 " 


Honduras \ 




Chili 




«' 10,542.8 '* 


Guatemala I • 


4,816 


Mexico 




6,897 


San Salvador J 




Belgium 




- 15,358.8 » 


Brazil 


6,807 



8 sq. ft. 



Allotment to Oct. i, 1875. 

HENRY PETTIT. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



51 



GEORGE'S HILL. 



THE GIFT OF 
JESSE AND REBECCA GEORGE 

TO THE 

CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. 



The view from this concourse is a very commanding one. The back- 
ground is shut in by a wood ; but looking southward and westward, 
the hill descends gradually and widens to a broad open reach of green- 
sward with trees — in clumps, separate, and in pieces of woodland — the 
remains of the primeval forests. Farther on, in the middle-ground of 
this fair landscape, ribboned through with floating lines of vapor from 
passing trains, flows the clear, broad Schuylkill — spanned with its bridges, 
dotted with pleasure steamers and the gay pennons of the navy barges. 
Beyond are wooded slopes and green open spaces; from them the eye 
wanders over the city's long-extending streets, spires, and domes, amid 
which rise in pure whiteness the pillars of the College. Farther yet, 
beyond these spires, these domes, these pillars, the eye defines the city's 
boundaries and the horizon's verge, and along this line, in a clear atmo- 
sphere, the sails of vessels on the river Delaware. 

On fine afternoons this Hill is the grand centre for carriages; the whole 
summit is crowned with equestrians and pedestrians, carriages, rich dresses 



52 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



and gay liveries. The animation of the scene, heightened by inspiriting 
strains of music, by the sense of health and enjoyment which breathes 
about the place, and, most of all, by its grateful memory, renders it to 
visitors one of the most attractive portions of the Park.^ 

THE BELMONT RESERVOIR 

adjoins George's Hill. It is supplied from the Belmont Works, on tlie 
margin of the river below. Its capacity is 35,800,000 gallons. The 
water-level, when full, is two hundred and twelve feet above the city 
datum. The arrangement by which the water passes from the main pipe 
into the basin is quite novel, and repays the short walk over from the 
Hill. There is also a very fine view from its east side of the city, and 
surrounding Park grounds on both sides of the river. 



From George's Hill, the main carriage road leaves the reservoir on the 
right, and passes over a high plateau to Belmont. 
^See page 128. 




FAIRMOUNT PARKt 53 



MACHINERY HALL 

is located at a distance of 542 feet from the west front of the Main Exhi- 
bition Building, and 274 feet from the north side of Elm Avenue. The 
north fronts of the two buildings are on the same line, thus presenting from 
the east to the west ends of the Exhibition Buildings a frontage of 3824 feet 
on the principal avenue within the grounds. 

The Hall is 360 feet wide by 1402 feet long, with an annex on the south 
side for hydraulic machines 208 feet by 210 feet. The entire area covered 
by the Main Hall and annex is 558,440 square feet, or 12.82 acres, giving, 
as arranged, 14 acres. of floor space in the building. 

The structure is one story in height, showing the main cornice 40 feet, 
and the ventilators 70 feet from the ground. The long lines of the exte- 
rior are broken by projections on the four sides ; the main entrances are 
finished with fa9ades, extending 78 feet in height. The east entrance is 
the principal entrance for visitors by the street-cars, from the Main Exhi- 
bition Building, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. 

The foundations consist of piers of masonry. The superstructure con- 
sists of outer walls, solid timber columns supporting roof trusses, con- 
structed with straight wooden principals and wrought iron ties and struts. 
The outer walls are built of masonry to a height of 5 feet, and above that 
are composed of glazed sash placed between the columns, and movable for 
ventilation. The columns are 16 feet apart, and placed lengthwise of the 
building. They are 40 feet high, and sustain the roof trusses over the 
avenues ; the roof trusses are respectively 90 and 60 feet spans. Louvre 
ventilators are introduced in continuous lengths over both the avenues and 
the aisles. 

The shafting consists of eight main lines, extending nearly the entire 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 




FAIRMOUNT PARK 




^s«iili 



'»i!i|||«M:s:j:|;lliiia=4E 





HALL. 



Height of main cornice .... 
Area of Hall and Annex 558,440 square feet. 
Entire floor space 14 acres. 



40 feet. 



56 FAIRMOUXT PARK. 

length of the structure, with counter-shafts introduced at points along the 
aisles. The hangers will be attached to the wooden horizontal ties of roof 
trusses, or to brackets especially designed for the purpose, projecting from 
the columns. 

The boiler houses are along the south side of the Hall. The annex for 
hydraulic machines contains a tank 60 by 160 feet, with depth of water of 
10 feet. 

A central and four other avenues extend' lengthwise the building, each 
1360 feet long; these are crossed by a central transept, and four other 
avenues on either side ; the central transept is 208 feet long, extending 
into the annex. The two avenues on either side of the central avenue and 
the central transept are each 90 feet wide; the others are each 60 feet. 
The promenades in the avenues on either side the central are 15 feet in 
width; in the^central transept 25 feet, and in the other avenues 10 feet; 
exit doors are provided at the ends of the avenues. 

THE HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITS. 

A large portion of the exhibits of this Department will be arranged on 
the ground lying between this building and the building for the Conserva- 
tory ; avenues for the proper display of these are being laid out through 
them. The principal of these is called Fountain avenue, extending from 
the Centennial Fountain — shown on the drawing — to the Conservatory, and 
will afford along its entire length an effective view of the large and varied 
exhibits of this Department ; the fountain itself, embracing five colossal 
figures, will be a grand object on the grounds. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



57 




THE NATIONAL MEMORIAL. 

ART GALLERY. 

This structure — one of the affixes to the Exhibition, is located on a line 
parallel with, and three hundred feet northward of, the Main Building. 

It is on the most commanding portion of the Lansdowne Plateau, and 
is elevated on a terrace six feet above its general level. 

The materials are granite, glass, and iron. The structure is 365 feet in 
length, 210 feet in width, and 59 feet in height, over a spacious basement 
12 feet in height. 

The Main Front looks southward ; it displays three distinctive features : 
A Main Entrance in the central section ; a Pavilion at each end ; and two 
Arcades connectin^^ the Pavilions with the centre. The Central Section is 



58 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

95 feet long, 72 feet high; Pavilions, 45 feet long, 60 feet high; Arcades, 
each, 90 feet long, 40 feet high. 

The front, or south face of the Central Section, displays a rise of 
thirteen steps to the entrance 70 feet wide. The entrance is by three 
arched doorways, each 40 feet high and 15 feet wide, opening into a hall. 
Between the arches of the door-ways are clusters of columns terminating in 
emblematic designs. 

The doors are relieved by bronze panels, having the coats-of-arms of 
all the States and Territories. 

In the centre of the main frieze is the United States coat-of-arms. 

The main cornice is surmounted by a balustrade with candelabras. At 
either end is an allegorical figure. 

A dome rises from the centre of the structure to the height of 150 feet 
from the ground. It is of glass and iron : from it a colossal figure rises. 

Groups, also of colossal size, stand at each corner of the base of the 
dome. 

The pavilions display windows 30 feet high and 12 feet wide. 

The arcades are intended to screen the long walls of the gallery. Each 
consists of five groined arches, looking outward over the grounds and 
interiorily over open gardens, which extend back to the main wall of the 
building. 

The gardens are 90 feet long and t,6 feet deep, ornamented in the 
centre with fountains and designed for the display of statuary. From 
them stairways reach the upper line of the arcades which forms prom- 
enades 35 feet above the ground. 

The balustrade is ornamented with vases, and is designed ultimately 
for statues. 

The cornices, the atticas, and the crestings throughout, are highly 
ornamented. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. ^g 



THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING 

Stands north of the Horticultural Building, and east of Belmont Avenue. 
The extreme dimensions of the building are 540 feet in front, by 800 feet 
in depth, consisting of a central nave 800 in depth, by 100 feet in width, 
with a central transept 100 feet in width by 540 feet in depth, and two 
side transepts 80 feet in width by 540 feet in depth. The nave and tran- 
sept section are constructed of Howe trusses, built curvilinearly, and set 
to the form of two sides of an equilateral Gothic arch, springing from 
the ground line. The principals are set to uniform spacings of 20 feet be- 
tween centres, the depth of truss being 4 feet 6 inches for the 100 feet span, 
and 3 feet 9 inches for the 80 feet spans. 

At the intersection of the nave and central transept the diagonal trusses 
are coupled, separated 8 feet by lattice bracing, converging from 10 feet 
in depth at the foot to 6 feet at the base of dome and lantern. The in- 
tersection of 80 feet transepts with the nave are proportionately less, but 
of similar construction. 

The intervening areas between the nave and transept sections are inclosed 
by shedding. 

The entire structure is of timber left from the saw, finished upon inte- 
rior surfaces by alum-sized color wash. 

The exterior siding and frontal lines are planed for painting. 

The section of building formed by the arch trusses receives light direct 
— by glass sections in planes forming roof cover — their stilt at the base 
constructed as louvres for ventilation. 

The descriptions of the several buildings have been prepared from specifications and 
notes furnished by the architects and engineers to the author. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 




THE AGRICUL' 

The intervening shedding has lantern lights continuous through their 
depth, in each bay of 60 feet. 

The truss system adopted for the major portion of the building provides 
roof and wall construction, in the one element a truss, and incloses the ex- 
tended floor area in the simplest manner ; the elevation of the roof section 
converging to the ridge lessens the effect of the sun's heat, to which with- 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



6i 




RAL BUILDING. 

out the protection of a ceiling beneath, a building inclosed by temporary- 
roof cover would be subject in the summer season. 

An object of the structure is economy of space, and in this view sim- 
plicity of construction has been sought, rather than embellishment. 

The building is drained by sewage beneath the floor. The Architect 
is Jas. H. WiNDRiM j Contractor, Philip Quigley. 



62 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



THE BUILDING FOR UNITED STATES EXHIBITS 

Occupies ground north of the Machinery Hall, and west of Belmont 
Avenue. Its front width is 340 feet, depth 480 feet; it consists of a 
central nave 60 feet by 480 feet; a cross transept 60 feet by 340 feet, with 
aisle and annex section covering a floor area 102,840 square feet. 

The centre of each fa9ade has a principal entrance, the architecture of 
which will relieve the simplicity of the shed construction of the general 
building. 

It is well lighted and ventilated, and provided with water stations dis- 
tributed through the building ; it is built of timber, the exterior faces 
only being painted. Architect, Jas. H. Windrim ; Contractor, Aaron 

DOANE. 

THE JURY PAVILION 

Stands in the rear, at the distance of 150 feet from the Main Exhibition 
and Machinery Buildings. It is 152 feet long and 115 feet wide, two sto- 
ries, with 4 towers. It consists of a main hall, on the first floor, 60 x 80 
feet, 43 feet high, and an adjoining hall 25 x 60 feet, 25 feet high, sepa- 
rated by removable partitions; a corridor 10 feet wide extends around the 
main hall, opening on committee rooms ; on this floor, also, are four 
rooms for offices ; the second floor is composed of a gallery around the 
main hall, and a third hall 22x60 feet, for committees; the material is 
wood. Architect, H. J. Schwarzmann ; Contractor, Levi Koder. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK 



^Z 




THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING 

Is located on the Lansdowne Terrace, northward of and separated by 
Lansdowne Ravine from the National Memorial. It occupies the site 
of a mansion formerly the residence of John Penn/ the last colonial 
governor of Fennsylvania. The design is the Moresque style of the 
twelfth century ; the principal materials are iron and glass. The length of 
the building is 383 feet, its width 193 feet, and extreme height 72 feet. 

The main floor is occupied by the central conservatory, 230 by 80 
feet, and 55 feet high, surmounted by a lantern 170 feet long, 20 feet 
wide, and 14 feet high. There are two hot-houses on the north, and two 



See page 118. 



64 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

on the south side of the conservatory; each of these is loo by 30 feet. 
On the east and west sides of the conservatory are restaurants. Architect, 
H. J. ScHWARZMANN, who is also the architect of the National Memorial ; 
Contractor, John Rice. The Memorial works being executed abroad and 
here, and to be placed on the grounds, are advancing to completion. 
Among these are the Humboldt Monument, the African Sibyl for the 
Woman's Department; the Centennial C. T. A. of America Fountain, the 
Columbus and AVitherspoon Monuments, and the Hebrew Monument — the 
Statue of Religious Liberty, designed for the national ceremonies July 4, 
1876. 



THE BUILDING FOR THE WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT, 

Situated near the Main Exhibition Building, is a structure covering 30,000 
square feet; it exhibits a nave and transept each 192 feet long, and 64 
feet wide, terminating in porches 8x32 feet. Four pavilions, each 48 
feet square, occupy the angles formed by the nave and transept. The 
centre of the structure rises 25 feet above the exterior portions, and ter- 
minates with a cupola and lantern, 90 feet from the ground ; the entire 
superstructure rests on the exterior walls and four supporting columns ; the 
material is wood roofed over by segmental trusses. It contains, in addi- 
tion to space for exhibits, toilet and reception rooms. Architect, H. J. 
Schwarzmann; Contractors, Jones & Lewis. In addition to these build- 
ings are buildings for separate exhibits, and the buildings for the several 
States and foreign Commissions. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



65 




BELMONT. 

JUDGE PETERS'S FARM. 

On this place, twenty-five years ago, was still standing what Downing 
describes as the grandest avenue of hemlocks in America. These trees 
were centenarians in the perfection of their growth, ninety feet nigh, some 
draped with immense masses of English ivy. This long and stately 
avenue extended from the mansion to a road beyond the Belmont Avenue, 
and was there terminated by an obelisk. Many of these hemlocks yet 
remain. The garden walks were finished with box and privet, the beds 
set with rare shrubs and flowers, and the grounds adorned with vases and 
statues. The ma.ision, which is described by Chastellux (1780) as *'a 



C6 FAIRMOUNT TARK. 

tasty little box, in the most charming spot nature could embellish," 
remains with little alteration, and is a very excellent specimen of the 
houses of that early period. Its principal characteristics are a broad hall 
and smaJl dormitories, small window-glass and heavy sashes, highly 
ornamented and high wooden mantel-pieces, a comfortable dining-room, 
and open fireplaces. One of these in the hall is still used; the panel 
over it formerly held a landscape; the coat of arms of the family remains 
perfect on the ceiling. Other ornamental devices about the mansion are 
recognizable as belonging to that early period. The roof has been 
raised ; the third story and piazza are modern. A library, which adjoined 
the main house, has also been removed since the Judge's time. The 
date of the erection of the main out-building is fixed by a monogram, 
T. W. P. 1745, cut on a slab set in the wall. There was a chestnut-tree 
near this mansion, planted by Washington, known as the Washington 
tree,* and an object of great interest in former times. There is still stand- 
ing there a white walnut, which was planted by Lafayette, on his visit 
here as the nation's guest, in 1824. 

1 Washington and Judge Peters proposed walking one afternoon. Wlien a few steps 
from the back hall-door of the mansion, the Judge handed the General a large chestnut 
(a Spanish nut). Washington suggested planting it; thereupon the Judge, who carried a 
cane (Washington never carried a cane), made a hole with it in the ground, Washington 
dropped the nut, the Judge earthed it over. The shoot from it was watched and tended 
with care ; it grew to be a large tree, and bore nuts of extraordinary size. This tree 
stood on the right hand, a few steps outside the hall-door. The two trees near the dining- 
room are its lineal descendants. 

See page 1 20. 




FAIRMOL'NT PARK. 



67 




^lA^Lk ^^^j^K^-^^ 



MOUNT PROSPECT. 

This portion of the Park,^ unlike the rest, has no legendary or historic 
associations ; but it requires none — as a natural throne, it asserts the 
authority of its position. 

In one field of view, it embraces the most distant sections of the city, 
widely separated villages, and still more widely separated ranges of 
country. 



68 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

The Schuylkill lies under its mountain-like side, here a lake and there 
a winding river. The Park, in its whole extent to Fairmount, spreads 
map-like beneath it. The waters of the far Delaware show from it, mile 
after mile, on their long journey to the sea. Beyond, pine forests stretch 
away in the dim distance, and hang a dark fringe along the horizon. 

From the mansion' extends a grand panorama; for its background, 
rocky ranges, deep glens, and dark woodlands, villages, and farm-lands; 
and for its foreground, all the broad acres of this pleasure-ground, the 
spires and domes of the second city of the continent, and the great rivers 
which are its wealth and life-giving boundaries. 

Mount Prospect has yet more to offer than this panorama; as if to leave 
nothing wanting in which it should challenge supremacy, on its summit, 
the one beside the other, stand three forest-trees, larger and more im- 
pressive than any others through the whole Park limits; one of these trees 
is a Black Walnut, another a Chestnut, the third a Tulip Poplar. 

These giant old trees, the relics and remembrancers of ''the times which 
tried men's souls," stand there, nature's noblemen, granting favors and 
asking none. 

They have suggested the famous meeting of the three allied sovereigns 
in Hyde Park.^ But may they not better suggest the enduring compan- 
ionship of three other and nobler sovereigns — the Black Walnut, with its 
rich solid wood, Morris ; the Chestnut, with its broad, liberal branches, 
Jefferson ; the Tulip Poplar, the noblest of all the forest-trees of America, 
Washington — the purse, the charter, and the sword of the Revolution; 
men who loved these grounds, strong men who stood together, in their 



* Built in 1802 by George Plumstcad, a merchant of Philadelphia engaged in the India 
trade. 

2 After Napoleon's fall. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 69 

day and generation, as these trees stand, changeless and mighty, in sun- 
shine and in storm. 

"... The great of earth, 
Great not by kingly birth, 
Great in their well proved worth — 
Firm hearts, and true." 



THE EAST BANK. 

This section of the Park will be opened to the public this summer. 
A proposed road will make it accessible from Fairmount by a con- 
tinuation of the present river road on the east bank, which will turn to 
the right after passing through the tunnel. 

The section is a series of estates — among others. Fountain Green, Mount 
Pleasant, Rockland, Belleville, Ormiston, Edgeley, Woodford, and the 
Strawberry Mansion ; they lie in successive tracts along the river, begin- 
ning below the Columbia Bridge and terminating at Laurel Hill. Its 
principal advantages over the west bank are more commanding views of the 
river and a more absolutely natural condition. The thickets remain, and 
a greater wealth of flowers in the woods and valleys. There is not an inch 
of frightful smoothness in the whole distance along the river bluff from 
the present entrance at Columbia Bridge to the Cemeteries. Among the 
many attractions of this section of the Park there are three: the first, a 
grand ravine; the second, the splendid trees on the Rockland estate; 
and the third, a broad view of the river, which, once seen, will never be 
forgotten by any true lover of nature; nor should such a one fail to find 
the young tree which stands, like a tower solidly set on a rock, in that 



yo FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

ravine, or the gnarled chestnut, near Laurel Hill. This section' contains 
two mansions of historic importance. The Woodford Mansion, situated 
on the Ridge Avenue, was built by William Coleman,'-' the friend of 
Franklin. It was afterwards the residence of David Franks, a gentle- 
man with large business connections in Philadelphia and New York 
during and after the Revolution. His son, Major Franks, was aid-de- 
camp to Arnold before his defection, but was himself a true patriot. 
His daughter, Miss Franks,^ was celebrated for her wit and beauty in 
the days of the republican court. It was also afterwards the residence 
of William Lewis, one of the most distinguished among the advocates 
of Philadelphia. 

The other of these mansions overlooks the river near the Columbia 
Bridge. 

' The lake reservoir to be located in this section will be one hundred and six acres in 
extent, with ninety acres of water surface, and will hold 750,000,000 gallons, 

" Erected 1 742, 

3 Miss Franks deserves to be remembered for her determined defences of her sister 
belles. In one of her letters she even says : " The ladies of Philadelphia have more 
cleverness in a turn of the eye, than the New York ladies in their whole composition." 




FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



7* 




\\^ 






i..i*«« u'W"^ 



MOUNT PLEASANT. 

The stately mansion on this estate was built by John Macpherson, who 
was its owner from 1761 to 1779. William Macpherson, his son, was 
born in Philadelphia in 1756. He was at thirteen a cadet in the British 
army. While adjutant of the i6th Regiment in Florida, he tendered his 
resignation. On his return to New York, he obtained permission from 
Sir Henry Clinton to resign, declaring he would never serve against his 
countrymen. He joined the Continental army on the Hudson in 1779 ; 
was made a major by brevet, and stood high in the confidence of Wash- 
ington. He is famous as the organizer and commander of Macpherson's 
blues in the insurrection of 1794, and served under General Mifflin. 

The mansion passed from John Macpherson to Benedict Arnold 



72 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

(March, 1779), and through him, immediately afterwards, to trustees, as 
a marriage settlement for Mrs. Arnold, reserving to himself a life-estate. 
His defection took place the following year. It was followed by the for- 
feiture of his Hfe-interest. The mansion then became the residence of 
General Von Steuben, known with us as the Baron Steuben. Of late 
years it has been the scene of many of those grand celebrations which 
distinguish the German Fatherland. 

Baron Steuben, whose residence here associates his name with this mansion, was a 
life-long soldier. 

As a boy, witnessing the Siege of Prague; as a youth, ^serving through the Seven Years' 
War, a member of the personal staff of Frederick the 'Great. He came here a veteran 
from his strict .school, and encouraged by that great King's sympathies with the cause 
of the Colonies. It is his enduring remembrance that he created the discipline of the 
Americcin Army, and his alone. 

Unambitious of fame, he retired after the close of the war, and in the far wilderness, 
near Trenton Falls, lived and died. At his own request, he was buried there; desiring 
only that he should be wrapped in his military cloak, and that the then unbroken silence 
of his biirial-p^ace should so remain. His name veiy honorably associates itself, on these 
grounds, with the many better remembered, but yet no more deserving of remembrance 
than this veteran disciplinarian. Through him the irregular bands of the Colonies 
became the armies of the Revolution. 




FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



73 




THE RAVINES. 



The ravines in the Park on the west side of the river are consecutively 
named the ** Sweet Brier," the "Lansdowne," and the ^^Behiiont" 
ravines, and Belmont Glen. 

In these ravines, nature has been left to her own better hands. There 
are no close-shaven, sloping mounds of greensward, no formal groups of 
flowers, nor any exotic set out orderly to be the unnatural companion of 
the sturdy survivors of the old forest. The result is, that these ravines 



^4 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

are the most attractive places in the Park to real earnest lovers of nature. 
** Unkempt and wild, she reigns alone." 

They may be visited separately by leaving the carriage and joining it 
at the opposite side of the ravine, as can be very conveniently done at 
Lansdowne. But for the whole tour, a most healthful and enjoyable one, 
set out leisurely with a good pair of shoes and a quiet conscience, from 
the Lansdowne entrance. The bridle-path from this point keeps between 
the carriage road and the river for some distance, giving fine views. It 
joins the carriage road again at the railway bridge, but soon leaves it 
and passes in front of the mansion, entering there the first of these ravines. 



SWEET BRIER RAVINE. 

This ravine is attractive all the year round. It has a brook crossed 
by a bridge — 

♦' A hidden brook 

In the leafy month of June, 
That to the sleeping woods all nighi 
Singeth a quiet tune." 

The path descends to the bridge and rises from it by rustic steps, all in 
excellent keeping with the character of the way. On every side are wild 
flowers, shrubs, and large forest-trees, many covered with hanging vines. 
The path and road come out together at *'the river road bridge." 
From this point it soon winds again, seeks the shade of the forest-trees 
nearer the river, passes under them through thickets of undergrowth, 
and so descends gradually to 



FAIRMOUNT TARK. ye 

THE LANSDOWNE RAVINE. 

Large forest-trees stand in this ravine, without any order. Some in 
friendly groups, some in separate dignities ; some rise from the bottom 
of the ravine, some start boldly out from its steep sides ; all in a very 
irregular but not the less most unimprovable manner. 

A brook begins its little journey from a spring at the head of the 
ravine,^ in some places hides itself under sprays of ferns, in others 
trickles and drops down broken ledges, and makes tiny mirrors over 
smooth-worn stones ; all along its way hang drooping vines. It is a very 
unpretentious little brook, but, to eyes that see clearly, it is very attractive. 

Crossing this brook, the path, by a miniature Alpine zigzag with rustic 
seats, reaches the Lansdowne concourse. 

Leaving the concourse, it passes along the lawn, giving a broad view of 
the river on the right hand and the Lansdowne tract on the left, and so 
enters 

THE BELMONT VALLEY. 

The path here turns at a point which gives a view of the river looking 
northward, and ascends a bluff close to a precipice formed by a quarry, 
and descends along the side of the ravine. 

The whole character of this ravine is wild and tangled with vines, 
ferns, trees, and wild flowers. It is a charming retreat for a summer 
morning or afternoon with books and leisure. 

Leaving the ravine, the path joins the main carriage way, and another 
path on the opposite side continues on towards George's Hill and Bel- 
mont. 

» There is a fine grove of the Angelica or Hercules club at the head of this ravine. 



75 



FMRMOUNT PARK. 



At Belmont, opposite the front of the mansion a [;uide board indicates 
a path to the river through 

BELMONT GLEN. 

This path is the most frequented in the Park ; it descends by an easy 
grade to the Behiiont Station on the Reading Railroad, and follows part 
of the way the course of a brook. It is shaded by forest-trees and vines, 
except where, in two places, it opens out for short distances to the sun- 
light, to which the grateful shadow quickly succeeds. The path crosses a 
rustic bridge half-way betv\^een the station and the mansion, and is good 
at all seasons. 

There are, besides these, three other ravines on the west side of the 
river, one above Belmont, one near Mount Prospect, descending to tlie 
river, and the third at Mount Prospect, descending west. These have 
as yet no defined pathway. On the east bank of the river there is a very 
romantic ravine on the Fountain Green grounds, and the grand ravine 
which descends to the river near Ormiston. 

All these ravines have springs of clear cold vvater. 

THE RIVER ROAD. 

In addition to the views afforded by the main carriage drive and the 
paths through the ravines, theve is also a road along the river margin. 
This road shows points as interesting as the others. On the east bank it 
diverges from the main carriage road in the plaza at Fairmount, passes 
the boat-houses, and under the two bridges through an artificial tunnel, 
whence it will extend to the Falls and V/issahirkon. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 77 

On the west bank it connects with the main carriage drive at the bridge 
beyond Sweet Brier, and there passing under this road, descends to the 
river, and comes out at the foot of Lansdowne Valley. It passes first 

THE BELMONT WORKS. 

These works supply the reservoir at George's Hill, and are operated 
by steam. Their pumping capacity is 10,000,000 gallons per twenty- 
four hours. 



A SHORT distance beyond these works the road passes a low one 
story cottage. 




78 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 




TOM MOORE'S COTTAGE. 

"Alone by the Schuylkill, a wanderer, I strayed." 

This cottage, with the two old trees, which in the lyric poet's time 
threw their grateful shadows over its low roof and humble door, are well 
stricken in years. The vine, which one of these trees has lifted into sun- 
shine, scill clings round it; but the old tree itself every spring-time buds 
fi^rth more feebly its leaves, and will soon be gone. These fair Schuylkill 
banks were to Moore, as to others whose troubles were more real than 
those which ordinarily afflict the poet's over-sensitive existence, a *'re- 
tieat so fair," as lie has written — 

"That his charmed soul forgot its wish to roam, 
And rested there as in a dream of home." 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



79 



He has left tributes of his genius to these scenes, and composed while 
among them' the sweetest of his ballads — 

" I knew by the smoke that so gracefully curled 
Across the green elms, that a cottage was near, 
And I said if there 's peace to be found in this world, 
A heart that is humble might hope for it here." 

It is a pleasant thing in this poet's memory, that these fair shores, then 
the abode of wild flowers and merry warblers, an undisturbed tranquillity 
of shade, should have been after so long a period, and after many rude 
invasions of trade, restored again to the natural condition in which he 
knew and loved them.^ 




After leaving the cottage, the road shaded by an avenue of trees ex- 
tends for nearly a mile; it passes under the Railroad Bridge, and termi- 
nates at the Falls Bridge.^ 

» 1804. 

2 Celebrations in honor of Mcore were formerly given in this cottage; of a characteristic 
one of these, there is a notice in the Press of June ii, 1858. 

* The nearer of the bridges in the picture, on page So, is the Railroad Bridge, the 
farther the Falls Bridge. 



So 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 




THE FALLS OF SCHUYLKILL. 



The Falls, a name now applied to a village, was in former days the 
name of a natural cascade. A long rock projected from the foot of a hill 
at this point, and extended two-thirds the distance across the river, form- 
ing a dam. In the spring the water poured over it in a beautiful cascade; 
at other seasons it forced the river into a narrow channel, on the western 
side, with turbulence and great rapidity; the sound could be heard on 
still evenings a distance of several miles. The rock itself was character- 
ized by singular indentations, caused probably by ages of attrition ; among 
them was the apparent impression of a human foot, showing the heel, the 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 8 1 

hollow of the instep, the ball of the foot, and toes; it bore name the 
Devil's foot. It was believed to be an evidence of his real presence here. 
Time has made great changes in this place ; factories have taken the place 
of fishermen's houses, paved streets of forest pathways, and the irregular 
and foam-bearded cascade, which gave the place its name, has yielded 
its inheritance to its smooth-faced younger brother, the steady-going 
mechanic at Fairmount. Tradition says this was the last place about 
Philadelphia deserted by the Indians. That it must have been much re- 
sorted to by them is proved by the fact that very numerous Indian relics 
have been and are still found here — stone axes, arrow-heads, and other 
instruments. As late as 1817 it was a famous fishing-place for shad,* 
perch, rock, and a migratory species of catfish, which came regularly 
about the 25th of May in numbers so numerous as to blacken the narrow 
passages of the river.^ They were caught, upon the authority of eye- 

• These were preserved by smoking, and were in great request in the winter. Our 
wise Founder did much belove them in this way, " Pray send us," he writes to his steward 
from Penn's Manor — "pray send us some two or three smoaked haunches of venizon; 
get them from the Swedes : also some smoaked shadds and beef — the old Priest at Phila- 
delphia had rare shadds^ 

2 This fish-story, unlike many others, is reliable, and within well-authenticated limits. 
Old John Holmes confirms it in this wise: — 

" We plenty have of many sorts of fish. 
As choice and good as any man could wish; 
Eels, rockfish, trout, shad, herring, perch, and pike, 
So plenty that I never saw the like." 

The contests between the fishermen and the canoe-men, who traded on the river about 
1722-32, were the subject of legislative action. The depositions of many canoe-mcn are 
in the archives of Pennsylvania (1732); among them, one Jonah Jones "Saith that in the 
month of February, it being extreme cold, he stroke fast on a fish-dam, and, to save his 
boat of wheat, was obliged to leap into ye river to ye middle of his body — afterwards pro- 
ceeding with ye said wet clothes, they were frozen stiff on his back, by means whereof h(* 
underwent a great deal of misery." The first law passed by the State of Pennsylvania 
was an act to make this river navigable, and for the preservation of its fish. 
9 



82 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

witnesses, in nets often so full that the fishermen were unable to lift them 
into their boats. Shad were caught by dipping-nets'; as many as could be 
raised by the hand were frequently taken at one time; a thousand of 
these fish have been taken there in those days m two sweeps of the seine. 
Of rockfish, from thirty to eighty pounds were taken during a morning. 
The hotels at this point were then the most popular places of resort* 
about the environs of Philadelphia, and are still much visited. 



Back from the Falls, on an eminence on the east side of the Ridge 
Road, stands the former residence of Governor Mififtin. The house is a 
noticeable object in this vicinity. 

THOMAS MIFFLIN. 

Thomas Mifilin was a member of the Society of Friends. When the 
news of the battle of Lexington reached Philadelphia, he immediately 
assumed the cause of the Colonies. He was the youngest and most 
effective speaker who addressed the people on that occasion, and left 
immediately after for Boston, and there joined the army. Although his 
name has got mislaid among their records there, he yet, by his cool and 



^ Those ancient hotels, one of which was named in the old days Rock Fish Inn, 
still furnish regular meals — ^breakfast, dinner, and supper — having, except by special order, 
the same bill of fare as they served before the Revolution, and orderable always as *' cat- 
fish and coffee." The bill of fare is catfish, beefsteak, broiled chicken, waffles, and coffee. 

These catfish are, like their progenitors, a distinct fish from those which bear their name 
on the Delaware, and other rivers of this country; and, unlike them, are delicate in flavor 
and exceedingly good. These suppers are peculiar to T'hiladelphia. The fish are kept 
alive, winter and summer, in large covered boxes, through which fresh spring-water con- 
stantly nms. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



83 



intrepid conduct, much aided to establish the military reputation of that 
section of our country. He was engaged subsequently at the battle of 
Princeton, and his portrait is preserved in Trumbull's picture. He was 
the first Governor of Pennsylvania under the new constitution. 

On the same side of the road, until a recent period, stood an octagon 
building once occupied as a school-house ; its master was Joseph Neef, 
a pupil of Pestalozzi, of Switzerland. 



JOSEPH NEEF. 

** The Jolly old Pedagogue long ago," 

For the school-children w^ith whom once a year the city passes a day 
of unalloyed pleasure on these grounds, we wish to keep the memory 
green, of a man who taught school in this section of the Park, and in the 
octagon house. 

He first brought school-children to the Park, and was himself all his 
life-long only one of these of larger growth. 

And of all men who ever taught school, he was the best beloved by his 
scholars. He read the rules laid down by Solomon, backwards — spared 
the children and spoiled the rods. He built the Temple of Science at 
the foot of the hill, and made it as easy to get there as to coast on 
sleds in winter-time. He was out of doors with the boys all summer ; 
never had a hat on his head nor a cent in his pocket ; never got tired 
running up and down the hills ; was the best swimmer and the best skater, 
and his boys the best swimmers and the best skaters in the whole neigh- 
borhood ; he never had a book in his school, and could whistle through 
his fingers like a steam-whistle. 



84 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

The old octagon house was full from the garret to the cellar of boys 
of all kmds, sizes, and dispositions, and everything was as pleasant in 
the school as if it had been '' home in the holidays," and for many boys 
a great deal pleasanter. But what was best of all in that school, the 
smart boys grew smarter and the dull boys grew brighter, so that at last 
when a great prodigy^ who had been born with his head full of figures, 
came there to puzzle them, they gave him harder puzzlers in return, and 
when he grew angry and struck out boldly with a switch which he carried, 
they doubled up hands and whipped him, and the old man laughed all 
the while. So here is to the memory of ^'the Jolly old Pedagogue" 
who first brought into this country the system of Pestalozzi^ which revo- 
lutionized and humanized education, and the good influence of which is 
felt to this hour in all the common schools of America. 



' Zerah Colborn. 

2 We are indebted to Mr. William McCIure, the philosopher who endowed the 
Academy of Natural Sciences, for his sojourn and its good results here. He met him 
in Switzerland, and induced him to return with him to be his Master's Apostle in the 
New World. — Hagner^s Sketch of the Falls. 




FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



85 




FORT ST. DAVIDS. 

Fort St. Davids was a rude but strong structure of heavy timber, cut 
from the opposite forests and erected long anterior to the Revolution. 
It was located at the foot of a hill, from which the rock forming the falls 
projected. On the hill a tall flagstaff was erected, from which floated King 
George's flag. In the interior hung a picture of his majesty and Queen 
Charlotte, and of Hendrick, King of the Mohawks. The room was 
decorated with an immense hat four feet in width, and other parapher- 
nalia, dried fish, turtles, and Indian curiosities; a large bowl of ''the 
great Mr. Pitt," wineglasses and decanters of curious workmanship, and 
a set of china with the Schuylkill arms. The company had also a flag 
on v»rhich were a moon, a fish, and a crown. 



86 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

The Society of Fort St. Davids, the builders of this house and its gas- 
tronomic garrison, were companions of the Founder, and, like the former 
catfish of this stream, were accredited as a superior species ; but, like those 
steadfast fishermen below, they had immense good times on all suitable 
occasions, and they never failed to make all unsuitable occasions suitable. 
They ultimately voyaged down the stream' to their brothers, then at the 
Baron Warner's, with whom they still dwell in indissoluble connection, 
capacious^ both for good -humor and for fish. This garrison, during the 
Revolution, has a very noble record, in which good-humor was laid 
aside and its whole duty to the country sternly and fully done. 



JOHN DICKINSON. 

Among the names on the rolls of this Society is John Dickinson, the 
Author of *'the Farmer's Letters." 

This ** shadow," rather than man, " slender as a reed, pale as ashes,"' 
this great writer, has been suffered to lapse almost into oblivion, yet it 
was in him God first lighted the fires of the Revolution. His letters 
made the cause of the Colonies heard before the throne of Great Britain, 
and it is his name only which is associated with Jefferson's as the writer 



^ Their house, in revenge for the part they took in the Revolution, was reduced to a 
heap of ruins by Hessian soldiers, who were quartered near Rock Fish Inn, under Gen. 
Kniphausen. They remained here some time after the Revolution, and rebuilt their 
house. The print represents the second house ; it was destroyed by an accidental fire. 

2 Godfrey Schronk, a noted fisherman, assured John Watson, the chronicler, that the 
small garrison at Fort St. Davids cooked and put away often forty dozen catfish at a 
meal. At the house at Gray's Ferry, a notice of catches (1830) averages to one fisherman 
from five to twenty dozen white perch, and the aggregate catches, before their removal 
from the Baron Warner's, on fishing-days, ran fifty, eighty, and one hundred dozen. 

* John Adams's description of Mr. Dickinson. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



87 



of the first official assertion of grievances which preceded the great Dec- 
laration. His words were the battle-cries of the Revolution. On these 
grounds they gave evidence of their power; although gentle blood ran 
in the veins of the peaceful inmates of Fort St. Davids, and their meats 
were set before them on heraldic plates, and the flag of English George 
floated over their house, yet Dickinson's words swept through its hewn 
logs like a storm ; the flag went down— they answered his appeal with 
the sword. Here he might be fitly honored, as he was in his day and 
generation. The historic troop,* four of whose captains have been 
Governors of the State in Schuylkill, and the bar of Philadelphia, of 
which he was so worthy a representative, might unite and place on 
these grounds his monumental stone ; and the words once written in his 
honor might well be graven there. 

Pro Patria 
John Dickinson 

OF THE 

City of Philadelphia. 

The Author of the Farmer's Letters. 

Ita cuique eveniat 

Ut de Republica meruit. 

1 The First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry. 




88 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



Leaving the Falls, and passing along the Ridge Road for the distance 
of three-quarters of a mile, we reach the mouth of the Wissahickon, 
marked by a high bridge, under which^ crossing the stream, the road 
passes over 

THE BATTLE GROUND. 

The Ridge Road, from its intersection with Thirty-third Street to the 
south line of Laurel Hill, as also here, forms one of the boundaries of 
the portion of the Park lying on the east bank of the Schuylkill. Long 
before the Revolutionary War it was one of the principal roads leading 
from the city. 

While the British under General Howe occupied Philadelphia, the sur- 
rounding country was open to their incursions through this road. To 
check them, Washington, from his camp at Valley Forge, ordered two 
thousand two hundred men, under the command of Lafayette, to make a 
sortie; and if, as then appeared probable, the British should evacuate the 
city, to hang upon and harass their rear-guard. Lafayette took a posi- 
tion at Barren Hill, on the Schuylkill, just above the upper boundary of 
the Park, and about ten miles from Washington's camp at Valley Forge. 
Howe determined to attack him without delay. On the morning of the 
2oth May, 1778, a detachment of five thousand men under General Grant, 
marching by a circuitous road, succeeded in turning Lafayette's left 
wing, and established itself nearly a mile in the rear of his position; 
another detachment, under General Gray, followed this road along the 
Schuylkill; the rest encamped at Chestnut Hill. These movements 
were discovered during the night by Captain McClane, a vigilant partisan 
officer, who hastened to the camp of Lafayette and apprised him of his 
danger. With great promptitude the General took the only course to pre- 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. gp 

serve his detachment. With a few men he showed a head of column as 
though moving on Grant to attack him, while, by a rapid movement of 
the flank, his principal column crossed at Matson's Ford to the opposite 
bank of the river. Grant, finding them advantageously posted, did not 
choose to attack themj and his whole army returned to the city, having 
effected nothing. It was to this incident of the war that Lafayette 
alluded while partaking of the hospitalities of the ancient and honorable 
fishermen. 

As a memento of the gratitude of the country for the services which he 
had rendered, Congress directed that a sword should be presented to 
him. It was prepared in France, under the supervision of Franklin. 
On the guard was engraved, among other memorable events in which 
Lafayette was distinguished by his prudence or his courage, '' Retreat of 
Barren Hill." On transmitting the sword to Lafayette, Franklin ad- 
dressed to him the following letter: — 

To THE Marquis of Lafayette. 

Passy, August 24, 1779. 
Sir: The Congress, sensible of your merit towards the United States, 
but unable adequately to reward it, determined to present you with a 
sword as a small mark of their grateful acknowledgments. They directed 
it to be ornamented with suitable devices. Some of the principal actions 
of the war, in which you distinguished yourself by your bravery and con- 
duct, are therefore represented upon it. These, with a few emblematic 
figures, all admirably well executed, make its principal value. By help 
of the exquisite artists France affords, I find it easy to express everything 
but the sense we have of your worth, and our obligations to you. I 
therefore only add, that, with the most perfect esteem, I have the honor 
to be, &c. 



QQ FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

In this section of the Park also was fought a portion of the memorable 
Battle of Germantown ; the British line of redoubts extended back of the 
Wissahickon Creek, along the east side, for a distance of two miles. 
During the battle the Americans occupied the hills, and until recently the 
remains of their temporary redoubts were visible, extending along the 
west side in a semicircle, a considerable distance.^ 

In building the Railroad Bridge which crosses here, these old land- 
marks were destroyed. A monumental shaft, at Roxborough,^ com- 
memorates some Virginia soldiers slain a short distance above this spot. 
Soldiers of other colonies moulder in the earth that lies between these 
sections of the Park. 

» General Armstrong, the Commander of the Pennsylvania Militia, wrote to President 
Wharton (October 5, 1777), "We cannonaded from the heights on each side the Wissa- 
hickon, whilst the riflemen on opposite sides acted on the lower ground;" and, again, 
« One field-piece we got away, the other I was obliged to leave in the horrenduous hills of 
the Wissahickon." 

8 In the Leverington Cemetery. 




FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



91 




THE WISSAHICKON. 

This romantic stream, which still retains its Indian name,^ lies between 
ranges of precipitous hills. 

iWisamickan, cat-fish creek; Wisaucksickan, yellow-colored stream. 



g2 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

Self-guarded by these rock battlements/ it retains that primeval char- 
acter in which let us hope it will be always preserved. Along its banks 
through its whole extent, trees and vines hang down to the water's edge, 
and frequent springs drip from the rocks. Except at times in the spring 
and autumn when swollen with heavy rains, its waters have in many 
places scarcely a perceptible motion ; it seems to be the bosom of a 
lake. Its unbroken quiet, its dense woodland, its pine-crowned hills, 
its sunless recesses, and sense of separation from the outer world, con- 
trast strongly with the broad lawns, the open flowing river, and the 
bright sunshine which characterize the banks of the Schuylkill. 

It is a chosen spot for youth and for old age, for all those whom simple 
love of nature contents ; and it has been the home of romance, the 
theme of song, the source of illusions and of legends accredited in 
places not always obscure, from the earliest times to our own days. 



^ Until 1826 the Wissahickon was inaccessible except by by-roads and lanes. At the 
Ridge Road a mass of rock stood on one side and a precipice on the other. During 
that year the rock was removed, and the present road begun. 

Until 1822 it emptied into the Schuylkill over a very picturesque fall of water, ten or 
twelve feet high. 




FAIR MOUNT PARK. 



93 




Passing along the margin of the Wissahickon, the main carriage drive 
reaches first, 

WISSAHICKON HALL. 

At this saloon, which is a place of considerable resort, refreshments 
and ices are sold during the summer, and *' catfish and coffee" at all 
seasons. 



A SHORT distance further on, the road passes a second restaurant, 



THE MAPLE SPRING. 

The restaurant which bears this name contains a collection of very gro- 
tesque figures of animals, birds, beasts, and serpents ; these are all the 

lO 



94 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



uncut roots of the laurel, found in these forms in the earth. They are 
the labor of the proprietor's lifetime in the forests of this State. 

Bateaux may be obtained at this restaurant, as also at the lower one, by 
the hour or for the afternoon or day,, for excursions. The west bank of 
the stream at these points is most conveniently reached by this mode of 
conveyance. 




FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



95 




THE HERMIT'S WELL 



Is outside the Park limits; it is reached by crossing a bridge above Ma- 
ple Spring, and passing along a lane which ascends through the woods. 
The well was dug by John Kelpius ; the stonework yet remains. A 
venerable cedar, believed to have been planted by his hands, still throws 
its grateful shadows over it. 



p6 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

JOHN KELPIUS. 

** My food shall be of care and sorrow made, 

My drink naught else but tears fallen from my eyes; 

And for my light in this obscure shade, 

The flames may serve which from my heart arise; 

And at my gates despair shall linger still, 
To let in death when love and fortune will." 

Among the stories of the former dwellers in this romantic region, and 
of which reliable record remains, that of John Kelpiiis^ holds a remarkable 
place. A scholar and a mystic, he came from Germany with his followers 
towards the close of the seventeenth century. They located themselves 
on this stream and dwelt in religious meditation, awaiting with anxious 
prayers the coming of the '' Woman of the Wilderness." 

Kelpius wore his young life away here, enduring to the end in patient 
expectation, fast and vigil, waiting morning and evening " the woman 
clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and the twelve stars 
on her forehead; she who had fled into the wilderness." 



» According to the Chronicon Ephratense, 1786, Kelpius was from Siebenburgen, and 
was of a wealthy family. He studied at Helmstadt under Dr. Fabricius, and was versed 
in the languages. His companions were all men in easy circumstances (freyen standes), 
and settled on the Ridge, which at that time was a Avilderness, whence they named them- 
selves "the woman in the wilderness." He died at the early age of thirty-five years, 
sitting in his garden, and attended by his followers weeping as for the loss of a father. 
The title of one of Kelpius's hymns reads: •' Colloquium of the Soul with itself over 
her long during purification. Set in a pensive longing in the wilderness, Anno 1698, 
January 30," 

Bartram, in 1761, makes this characteristic allusion to Dr. Witt, the favorite scholar of 
Kelpius, then eighty-three years of age : " Poor old man, he was lately in my garden, 
but could not distinguish a leaf from a flower." He was buried, at his own request, at 
the feet of Kelpius. 



FAIRxMOUNT PARK. 



97 



Some of his followers, who were afterwards known as the Hermits of 
the Ridge, fell away from the faith, others never woke from the strange 
delusion that brought them so long a journey. They also waited on in 
their caves among these rocks, with ever-renewing faith, the sign and visible 
presence, until, their weary limbs shrinking down and their eyes wearing 
out with watching, they died there, and the foxes made their burrows 
among their bones. 



A QUARTER of a mile above the Log Cabin, and also on the opposite 
bank of the stream, a short distance above the bridge which crosses to 
the Hermits' Lane, is a high bluff; it is a striking object from the car- 
riage road. The rock which rises from the bluff is called 

THE LOVER'S LEAP. 

The Lover's Leap overlooks from its crest a wild gorge. It is the 
scene of one of the numerous traditions which survive here. There is 
an illegible inscription in Latin, said to have been chiselled by Kelpius, 
on the face of the rock, and at various places around it aspiring Vandals 
have cut their initials. This rock stands two hundred feet above the 
surface of the stream. 



From the rock a deep glen or gorge follows the stream. 



^3 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



THE HERMITS' GLEN. 

This glen was a favorite spot with the hermits, the scene of their 
wanderings. It presents some of the most striking natural features along 
the stream. Immense boulders of many tons weight lie on the hill-sides; 
and a short distance above the "Lover's Leap," another rock juts out 
to the length of twenty feet. One feels, after climbing to the crest of 
this rock and looking far down upon the sharp stones in the gorge peer- 
ing up through the holes and branches of undergrowing trees, not unlike 
the adventurer who crawls to the edge of Table Rock to look at Niagara. 



Following the main road a short distance further, a half mile in all 
above the Log Cabin, we reach a bend in the stream. Here it is joined 
by a creek coming down from the north; this creek, Paper-mill Run, is 
scarcely less picturesque in places, than the Wissahickon. It joins the 
latter by a series of waterfalls. The lower of these has a perpendicular 
descent of about twenty feet over dark shale-like rocks. Near it stands 
the old house in which David Rittenhouse was born, and near its source 
the first paper-mill in America was erected by his ancestors in 1690. 

DAVID RITTENHOUSE. 

Kelpius had long gone to his rest, and Dr. Witt, his beloved scholar, 
ah-nost blind with age and watching, was bending hopelessly over his 
grave, when David Rittenhouse raised his eyes also to the heavens, and 
with a stronger vision, by faith and by sight, penetrated their remote 
recesses. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 99 

David Rittenhouse, the astronomer, was of Holland ancestry ; he fol- 
lowed first the plough, but was found so often with the plough lying in the 
furrow, and the fence full of figures, that he lost that service, and took up 
the trade of a clockmaker. His first great work, among many others — 
marvellous in their time, constructed wholly at night, his idle hours as 
he called them — was the famous orrery now in Princeton College. His 
next was a series of calculations for the transit of Venus over the sun's 
disk. This wonderful mechanical contrivance, the universe in motion on 
a frame, and these accurate and profound calculations, and their verifica- 
tion by his own observation, gave him a wide-spread reputation in this 
country and in Europe. The life of David Rittenhouse was mainly con- 
nected with the world of science, and his fame there rests; but, yet, his 
mind was also an invaluable machine for the business uses of his genera- 
tion. 

He was State Treasurer from 1777 to 1789, afterwards Director of the 
Mint, and for many years President of the Philosophical Society. 

Of him Thomas Jefferson says: '' We have supposed that Rittenhouse 
must be considered second to no astronomer living; as a genius first, 
because self-taught; as an artist, because he has exhibited as great a proof 
of mechanical skill as the world ever produced. He has not indeed made 
a world, but he has by imitation approached nearer his Maker than any 
mere man who has lived from the creation to these days." And this is 
further said, he gave no time to earn money beyond the most simple 
necessities of life, and although called to high offices, he had interest in 
them only as the performance of duties which were necessary for the well- 
being of his fellow-citizens. He lived — the first and most famous of that 
illustrious line through which America is rising to pre-eminence among 
the nations — a devotee of science; he died a sincere believer in the 
Christian revelation. 



lOo FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

Beyond these points, the road reaches a bridge, over which it crosses 
to the opposite bank of the stream — the Red Bridge. 



Beyond the bridge, half a mile further, on the opposite side of the 
stream, towers 

MOM. RINKLE'S ROCK. 

This is a precipice which begins at the stream's edge, and rises 
abruptly, a solid mass of rock, like a wall among the forest-trees. It has 
also its legendary story clinging around it; doled out around old firesides 
to credulous ears, while there were yet firesides and credulous natures. 

That a poor old woman, as the story says, lived there, is very possible; 
that she fell from this giddy precipice, seems most probable ; that she was 
a witch, drank dew from acorn cups, had the evil eye, and floated down 
the stream to the sea without sinking, is credible to witnesses only. Her 
name certainly survives, and adventurous boys, climbing this giddy 
height, shout it out to be called back to them from all the hills around, 
and so preserve it from generation to generation. 

The rock, with the exception, perhaps, of Indian rock, is the grandest 
monarch of them all, and should have a name and association more ap- 
propriate than this legendary one. To ascend to its summit from the 
stream is difftcutt, and requires care ; crossing the first bridge this side 
the monastery, turning immediately to the right, and keeping a woods- 
path, which in the spring has a continuous border of violets, you reach a 
steep hill-slope through which the rock rises — a friendly tree-branch here 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. lOi 

and there to grasp, a few minutes' rest after passing some piece of ground 
which slips the foothold, enables you with a little exertion to reach its 
summit. The rock juts out along its crest in an almost level ridge ; it 
overlooks all the surrounding country ; the lofty tops of the pine-trees 
show far below ; yet further below, the dark recesses of th^ stream and 
the old monastery. All around, remote and near, is nature alone ; city 
and town and busy haunts of men are all shut out by trees and hills and 
fields, the rock stands over all in solitude — and here, at sunset, when the 
always shadowy stream and dark pine-trees and deep recesses of the woods 
lie in a deeper shadow, this high rock stands lit with the golden light of 
the declining day, like a rich illumination on some missal's dark page — 
itself and all the scene a greater page of nature — an 

. . " elder Scripture writ by God's own hand ; 
Scripture authentic, uncorrupt by man." 



A quarter of a mile further, 
two miles above the mouth of the stream, the road turns abruptly and 
continues on the same side, overhanging a precipitous chasm ; another 
road at this point leaves the Park road, descends to and crosses the stream 
by a bridge ; at the summit of the rise of the Park road, you see below : 
the bridge — a deep gorge— the stream abandoning its customary quiet, 
rolling, tumbling, and plashing over rocks — a mill in the gorge — and 
behind the mill a steep hill ; on its summit stands an oblong stone build- 
ing known for a century as 

1 This rock is on a tract of twelve acres, which skirt the stream, presented to the city 
by John Welsh. 



102 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

THE MONASTERY. 

Some of the windows of this building have been closed up, but the 
three encircling cornices above each story, the durable character of its 
masonry, the tall chimney, and a sort of venerable expression which 
looks out from its rough faces, indicate that it is a landmark of a past 
generation. 

It was once used for a monastery. It stands upon high ground, but 
the tall ranges of hills tower high above it. A lane winds around the 
bend of the bluff and climbs up its steep side, forming in front of the 
house a semicircular lawn. In the valley below (''Willow Glen") 
there is a spot known as the Baptistery. Here the monks immersed their 
converts. The yard in the rear of the dwelling was used by them for 
the burial of their dead. Three steps of stone, rounded by the rains of 
years, lead to a sort of elevated plot encompassed by an old wall. Here 
the ritual was said, and the brothers chanted their burial-service. This 
building has stood there considerably over a century. Some accounts 
affirm that its inmates were of a Baptist order ; others, which have a 
documentary attestation, that they were mystics, whose followers in man- 
ners and custom are still scattered along the region of Ephrata. Men 
certainly they were who came down close to nature, to the earth, and 
solitude, and sought out from the silence of desert places, however vainly, 
a pathway to the Light Illimitable. 




FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



103 




The scenery at this point is very attractive. The suggestive old build- 
ing ; the trees along the hill-side set on rocks instead of natural soil ; 
the road itself perched high above the chasm ; the roaring and tumbling 
of the waters below as you ascend the hill ; the change to silence as the 
carriage rolls along through a dense environing of forest-trees — are all 
impressive in a very remarkable degree. 



A MILE further (three miles from the mouth of the Wissahickon), on 
the west bank, are certain caves, interesting to the antiquary. 



I04 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



THE CAVES. 



The caves are situated in a lovely valley formed by the junction of a 
small stream with the Wissahickon. The most remarkable of them is 
referable to a certain period. It was excavated by miners led to the 
work by visions and witch-hazels indicating treasures there. Over it the 
rocks are about eighteen or twenty feet high, and much broken. Large 
forest-trees are growing on the summit. The cave or excavation extends 
into the solid rock thirty feet. It is five feet high, and five and a half 
wide ; at the back part a man can stand erect. Fifty years after it had 
been closed, a venturous antiquary succeeded in getting under the huge 
root of a buttonwood which had grown across its mouth, and threaded 
its dark and narrow passages. He there witnessed the useless labors of the 
men in whose imaginations heaps of glittering gold had lain, luring them 
on to waste the best years of their lives, and, in a certain sense, to dig 
their own graves. The others of these caves are natural, have legend- 
ary histories traceable to no certain origins, perhaps holes for the bears 
and foxes, the resorts possibly of Indians; it may be Logan's wild Irish 
hound made in them his home. 



A SHORT distance beyond (three and a half miles from its mouth), a 
bridge crosses the stream at one of the most striking pieces of landscape 
along this whole section of the Park. As you approach this bridge, on 
the opposite shore, in early spring, winter, and autumn, there is a strange 
effect of deciduous trees among evergreens ; skeletons, as Dord would 
draw them, rising up along the verdure-crowned steep. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



THE PIPE BRIDGE. 



105 



This bridge, finished last year, carries the water supply from the Rox- 
borotigh to the Mount Airy reservoir at Germantown. It is a graceful 
structure, lifted a considerable height above the stream, and presenting 
the appearance of three light festoons hanging between the piers. The 
bridge is iron, and has four spans, each 172 feet 9 inches; its whole 
length is 691 feet, and it is supported by three iron piers, 83 feet high, 
set on masonry 20 feet high; an altitude of 103 feet above the level of 
the stream. Two twenty-inch water mains form the top cord of the 
bridge.^ 



1 Dr. Franklin in his will (1780) recommends, '= as a mark of his good-will, a token 
of his gratitude, and a desire to be useful to us after his departure," that a portion of the 
legacy left to accumulate for the benefit of the city of Philadelphia, be employed "at the 
end of one hundred years, if not done before, in bringing by pipes the water of the Wis- 
sahickon Creek into the town so as to supply the inhabitants." His legacy remains un- 
used, but the work, by the appropriation of these creek borders and pipe connections, has 
now been completely done, and is a most appropriate tribute to his memory. 
II 




ro6 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 




A HUNDRED yards above the Pipe Bridge, a wooden bridge crosses the 
stream; leaving the carriage and crossing this bridge, turning to the left 
and following a pathway a short distance along the hill-side, your progress 
will be arrested by a stream, Creshein Creek, which joins the Wissahickoa. 
At this point is 



FAIR MOUNT PARK. 



107 




THE DEVIL'S POOL. 



A spot frequented first by the superstitious in the early days of the pro- 
vince, and now, for more than half a century, by artists and all lovers 
of nature. It is certainly a wild place ; rocks are thrown together in 
great masses, and the long trunks of hemlocks and pines jut up from the 
darkness around the pool into the sunshine above. 



io8 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



The waters of a small tributary of the Wissahickon run into this pool, 
whose depth has been very suggestive to the superstitious minds which 
gave it its name. 

The place is very readily accessible, and artists' sketches through our 
galleries have made it widely known. It was the scene of an engagement 
during the battle of Germantown, and its waters once had stains" best now 
forgotten. 



The road reaches, a quarter of a mile beyond this bridge. 




VALLEY GREEN. 
Here the hills open out into the sunlight, and a stone bridge v.'ith strong 
buttresses winds across the stream. The bridge has one arch, and the 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



109 



arch and shadow on bright days (so clear is the reflection) seem one 
piece of masonry, an entire oval. 

The transition from the close surroundings of the road below this 
point, to the widening hills beyond it, is very pleasing. The hotel here 
is a favorite stopping-place for carriages passing through this portion of 
the Park. 



Half a mile further, on the left-hand side of the road, under rocks, 
covered with ferns and wild-flowers, is a marble water-basin. 




THE FIRST FOUNTAIN. 

This is the first drinking-fountain erected in Philadelphia. It bears 
date 1854. A clear, cold mountain spring constantly fills the basin. On 



no FAIRMOUNT TARK. 

a slab above it are cut the words ''Pro bono publico," and below, "Esto 
perpetua" (For the public good; Let it remain forever); which liberal 
desire and prayer the dedication of these grounds, after sixteen years, 
has invisibly, though not less really, lettered over every spring along the 
borders of the stream. "Cast thy bread upon the waters, for thou shalt 
find it after many days." 

This fountain was the joint offering, to public use, of John Cook, by 
whom it was erected, and Charles Magarge, the owner of the spring. 
They donated this summer (1871) the fountain, and ground around it 
sufficient for its convenient use, to the Park Commissioners. 



Half a mile further, on the opposite side of the stream, looms grandly 
up, 

INDIAN ROCK. 

Here the stream enters a deep gorge. The hills tower almost perpen- 
dicularly, and the place has the solemn stillness of the shores of some far- 
off waters in the yet unbroken wilderness. A few huge rocks lie in the 
bed of the creek, but make no eddies in the water. The woods, clothing 
the inclosing steeps, bury their shadows in its dark surface. The rock, 
plainly seen from the road, very wild, grand, and lofty, crowns the sum- 
mits of the eastern range of hills. It is shaped like a fireplace or a pulpit, 
square, with a deep cavity or hollow in its front. On its top stands the 
rude figure of an Indian, set there in remembrance of the last chief of 
the aborigines (the Lenni Lenape tribe) on these grounds. This chief, 
with forty other Indians, mostly women (the men had gone before), left 
this section about the time of the Revolution. They had remained long 



FAIRMOUXT PARK. 



II I 



after the others of their tribe on these old hunting-grounds, but they had 
kept their savage nature and costume unchanged. The chief, with his 
blanket wrapped about him, and his tall plume of feathers on his brow, 
strode before; and the women, with their packs strapped across their 
backs and across their foreheads, followed after. So they joined the 
others in their journey toward the setting sun, 

" To the land of the Dacotahs, 
To the land of the hereafter." 

Is it hard in this wild place still to imagine their light canoes stealing 
along through the evening or morning shadows ? 



Tedyuscung, whose name this rude figure improperly bears, vras no true savage — 
was litigious, was frequently drunk, and showed also other evidences of a tendency to 
lapse into civilization. 



The road continues on a mile further, through the same general char- 
acter of scenery, to the northern limits of the Park, at Thorp's mill lane, 
which crosses a bridge and by a steep ascent reaches 




112 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 




CHESTNUT HILL. 



This hill Is the site of many of the best suburban residences of Phila- 
delphia. Here all the wild scenery of the Wissahickon, so closely shut 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. u^ 

in, opens outward over broad tracts of farm-land and distant mountains. 
It is a fitting terminus to this section, affording a view northward as grand 
in its character as from Mount Prospect over the lower section of the 
Park; each completing the idea, conceived in the appropriation of these 
grounds, to lead the visitor from attraction to attraction, and close with 
an effect in nature which leaves nothing to desire. 




THE HOMES AND PERSONAGES 

OF 

FORMER TIMES. 

SAMUEL BRECK. 

A golden link of the days of the Revolution and our own times. 

Mr. Breck was born in Boston, in 1771. He was educated near Tou- 
louse, in Languedoc, in the Royal and Military School of Sorenze. His 



114 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

instructors were Benedictine monks. He remained at this school from 
his eleventh mitil his sixteenth year. His companions were the Prince de 
Carignan, ancestor of the King of Sardinia, several Italian and Spanish 
noblemen, Dessaix, and others, whose lives passed away into obscurity 
or ended in the violence of revolutions. 

His own life was kept for gentler and better uses. 

After a sojourn in his native place, he again visited Europe in the dark 
dawn of the French Revolution. He saw the King, Queen, and the 
Dauphin, the prisoners of the populace, about to expiate their predeces- 
sors' crimes. He saw the old teachers and pupils he loved driven from 
their ancient seat of learning, some to perish in the September massacres, 
some themselves to urge on the tide of crime. 

These scenes made the quiet and calm progress of our Republic in- 
tensely dear to him. 

He lived at Sweet Brier thirty-eight years. In the leisure hours of his 
business he cultivated here the sciences, the arts of music and design, 
and was foremost in every good work.^ 

^^ Farmer Breck," as his good friend and neighbor, Judge Peters, 
always called him, had here a model place; and while the Judge theo- 
rized, and saw the State rise through his theories to wealth, Farmer Breck, 
in their practical application, made his place a marvellous example of 
their value. 

He gave a due proportion of his life to public affairs. 

He served four years in the State Senate, where he laid the foundation 
of our system of internal improvements, and further made his name mem- 
orable by his bill for the final emancipation of the slaves in Pennsylvania. 

' He was accomplished in all the graces of his time, and thoroughly read in its litera- 
ture. In his life he never passed an idle hour, nor uttered an uncourteous word. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. I15 

He served afterwards in the National Legislature (the i8th Congress), 
among the most memorable men our nation ever possessed, and in hal- 
cyon days of the Republic. 

He again served in the State Senate, and there drew the bill for the 
establishment of the Common School System of Pennsylvania. 

His services, from that time, were in positions of the very highest trust 
and importance in Philadelphia, and continuous to the year of his death. 

Although a business man, Mr. Breck knew what the legitimate claims of 
business were, by what means money should be made, how much time 
should be given to its acquisition, and to what uses it should be applied. 
At the outset of his life, rather than live where illegitimate gain was 
sanctioned by common consent, he deliberately sacrificed an easy, safe, 
and rapid road to wealth which lay before him, and began with a small 
capital to make slower gains through longer years. He was a gentleman 
of the old school, and he preserved its courtesies on the street, in the 
counting-room, at the social board, with child and man, servant and 
dignitary of the State, the same. His salutations w^ere formal, yet under 
them a gentle kindliness shone which lifted up the hearts of all to him in 
affection and reverence. 

He was true to his party predilections, but with this preference ran 
evenly an earnest love for the whole country. 

He w^as careful in all formal religious observances, but within he kept 
burning brightly that inner light, without which all religious observances 
are vain. 

His life covered' the most momentous periods of our country's history. 
He welcomed Lincoln, the great representative of freedom of our gene- 
ration, to this city in 1861, where he had also stood in the august pres- 

1 Born July 17, 1 77 1. Did August 22, 1S62, aged 91 years and 46 days. 



1 1 6 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

ence of Washington. He had been held up a child in his nurse's arms 
to witness the smoke and flame of Bunker Hill, and he was yet living 
when Sumter's smouldering ruin lit the flames of civil war. Through 
all these long years he was changeless in his love and devotion to our 
institutions. His last words were (uttered among those dark days of 
civil war) — what of — my country. 

There is something peculiarly appropriate in the selection of Sweet 
Brier as the children's play -ground, not only because he first gave legal 
direction to our common school system, but was a dear friend to little 
children. He was a constant visitor to the parish school of his church 
(the Episcopal), took the most lively interest in its progress, and by the 
sprightliness and benignity of his manner completely won the hearts of 
all the pupils. They looked forward to the day of his coming as to a 
holiday. 

He was also one of the founders, for many years president, and to 
the last year of his life a visitor of the Institution for the Blind, and by 
these most afflicted of God's children best beloved. His step was 
recognized by them among all the others as he entered their hall. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



1:7 







LANSDOWNE MANSION. 

The noble estate of Lansdowne contained two hundred acres, extend- 
ing from Sweet Brier to Belmont and George's Hill.^ The mansion was 
built before the Revolution. It was a grand structure for those times. 
A broad carriage drive led to it from an entrance beyond the Belmont 
Road,. where formerly stood a large gateway. It had extensive conser- 
vatories, and the grounds were adorned with vases, fountains, and box 
cut in the formal style of the period. A private passage led from the 
mansion to the river. It was in later times the residence of Joseph 



I During the occupancy of Philadelphia in the winter of 1777, the British had an en- 
campment on these grounds. 



ii8 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



Bonaparte, ex-King of Spain. Its last owner, prior to its purchase by 
the city, was the late Lord Ashburton. The mansion had been much 
neglected, although still in good preservation until a recent period. It 
was accidentally destroyed by boys with fireworks, celebrating the fourth 
of July, 1854. 




JOHN PENN. 

'*The Honorable John Penn,"' called *^the Governor," was Lieutenant- 
Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Pennsylvania and 
Counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex on Delaware from 1763 to 177 1 
and from 1774 to 1776. He was a not unworthy representative of **the 
Founder;" his first act, followed by many like actions, was to carry out 



' Cousin of John Penn, of Solitude. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. ng 

that great man's intentions to the Indians who remained in the Province, 
and to protect them from outrage and violence. But his good record 
does not end there; during the whole term of his office, a prolonged one, 
he gave a wise and serious attention to the public affairs, and supported 
the honor and dignity of his family and of the Province. He maintained 
royal state on these grounds, and sumptuous surroundings, but also a clear 
record of wise government. His times were troublous ones; he was the 
last representative of the Founder who had authority here, and the last 
representative of kingly power in Pennsylvania. He bore up bravely 
against the coming violence of the storm of the Revolution, but, like some 
stately and unyielding tree, broke down before it. The bold free airs 
which swept about our land those days made sad havoc among the royal 
oaks transplanted to this uncongenial soil.* 



• He retained throughout that season of trial the good-will of the worthy of all parties. 
After the dissolution of the government, though politically restrained, he was treated with 
the respect due to his exalted station and private worth. His successor was the sterling 
fisherman and patriot, Thomas Wharton. He was called from the old court-house, at 
the Baron Warner's, to preside over Pennsylvania, vice the fallen governor, in 1776. 

John Penn resided in this mansion after the war; was visited by Washington in 1787. 
He died in Bucks County in this State, February 9, 1795, at the age of sixty-seven. His 
remains were taken back to England. 

"The Penn estate," says the late Judge Conrad, '*was the largest one ever sequestered 
in civil war; it was estimated at ;^i 0,000,000 sterling. The heirs received as a compen- 
sation from the British Government an annuity of ;^4O0O; and the State of Pennsylvania, 
in remembrance of the founder, awarded them ^130,000." Their private estates were 
not divested, but have been held and inherited by succeeding members of the family 
down to our own day. "Solitude," as stated before, was purchased from them by the 
city. The governor, by his will, dated January 2, 1795, devised Lansdowne to his wife, 
Mrs. Anne Penn, and by subsequent conveyances through her title it also became the 
property of the city. 



I20 



FAIRMOUXT PARK. 




BELMONT IN THE OLDEN TIME. 



JUDGE PETERS. 



Richard Peters, the beloved friend of Washington, w^as born m this 
mansion, and died here August 22, 1828, at the age of eighty-four. He 
was the son of William Peters, and the nephew of Richard Peters, Secre- 
tary of the Land Office under the Penns. The father and son in the 
Revolution severed in their opinions. The father adhered to the crown, 
returned to and died in England. Judge Peters at the outset ignored 
social, family, and business relations, assumed and adhered to the cause 
of the colonies. He was born in the den of the British lion, and in 
a good-humored manner bearded him there. 

Judge Peters filled the office of Secretary of the Board of War during the 
Revolution ; was a Representative in Congress, and had, at the time of his 
death, sat as a Judge of the United States District Court thirty-nine years. 
He was not alone distinguished as a patriot, a legislator, and a jurist, but 
in the de])artn-ient of agriculture he was the pioneer in those improve- 
ments which restored the wasting farm lands of this State. He sang the 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 121 

best song,^ grave or gay, was the most noted wit of his times, and was 
also the most genial and hospitable of men. 

1 This fragment of a song in his clear handwriting lies before me ; it was written at a 
meeting of the St. George's Society, September 28, 1774: — 

When Britain first, by Heaven's command. 

Arose from out the azure main, 
This was the charter of the land, 

And guardian angels sang this strain ; 
Rule, Britannia, rule the waves, 
Britons never will be slaves. 

Let us, your sons, by freedom warmed. 

Your own example keep in view ; 
'Gainst tyranny be ever armed, 
Tho' we our tyrants find — in you. 

Rule, Britannia, rule the waves, 
But never make your children slaves. 

With justice and with wisdom reign. 
We then with thee will firmly join 
To make thee mistress of the main, 
And all the shore it circles thine. 

Rule, Britannia, rule the waves. 
We're subjects still, but not your slaves. 

A portion of the Judge's song of the Treaty Tree may be also appropriately quoted 
here : — 

Whilst the natives our forests in freedom shall roam, 
Thy remembrance they '11 cherish through ages to come. 
Tho' sorrows their bosoms should oft overwhelm. 
With delight they '11 reflect on good Ojias's Elm. 

For that patron of justice and peace there displayed 
His most welcome good tidings, beneath its fair shade, 



122 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

And furnished examples to all future limes, 
That Justice and Peace may inhabit all climes. 

The Oak may be fam'd for its uses in war, 

Or wafting wealth's idols to regions afar; 

But the Elm bears no part in such objects as these, 

Its employment is solely in fabrics of peace. 

The Olive abounds where stern despots bear rule, 
And their slaves pluck its products in Poverty's school; 
But the Elm delights most in the mountains and dells. 
Where Alan is ne'er shackled, and Liberty dwells. 

The' time has devoted our tree to decay. 

The sage lessons it witness'd survive to our day, 

May our trustworthy statesmen, when called to the helm. 

Ne'er forget the wise Treaty held under our him. 

Many anecdotes of Judge Peters are preserved in the manuscript of his biographer. 
They were a constant glimmer on the full deep flow of his earnest, enduring life. On the 
occasion of a brewer's death, when a dull man expressed surprise to the Judge because 
the brewer seemed to have been in good health: True, he was, said the Judge, a stotd 
man. What could then have carried him off? said the dull questioner. Something aled 
him, and the beer carried him off, said the Judge. Ah ! said the questioner: I did not 
know he drank. Nor did I, either, said the Judge, slowly shaking his head and walk- 
ing away. 

When the Judge's health began to fail, a report of his death got into circulation and 
produced general sorrow. He was riding, and was met by a stranger, who told him the 
sad news. Well, said the Judge to the astonished man, I, for one, am very glad to hear 
it. I have lived very long, but I never thought I 'd live long enough to hear that that 
man was dead. 

In his 76th year, dining with the Cincinnati Society, he saw that, of the 300 original 
members, but 40 remained. I am the oldest survivor, he said, cheerfully, and as this is 
a military association which places the senior officer in the rear of the procession, I shall 
take my place there, and so see you all out, and reach the dismal goal last. Seeing Smith, 
who had become entirely bald, he said: Smith, you must be a very happy man. Why, 
said Smith, innocently. Because, said he. Smith, there's not a hair between your head 
and heaven. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 12-, 

Among the guests of Judge Peters assembled in this mansion were 
the Chevalier de la Luzerne, the French Minister, whose house was at 
the Falls, Franklin, *' Christian Samuel," Rittenhouse the astronomer, 
Bartram, President Wharton, and distinguished men of science from 
Europe. Lafayette, while in Philadelphia, on his return to this country 
as the nation's guest in 1824, was constantly with the Judge, and passed 
much of his time at this house. The Baron de Steuben, Inspector- 
General during the Rsvolution, was on relations of much intimacy with 
the Judge, and, whenever he was in Philadelphia, visited his house. Here 
also Talleyrand and Louis Philippe were received. Robert Morris, 
the Count de Survilliers, John Penn the governor, Alexander J. Dallas 
the advocate, whose house was near the Falls, John Adams, and, before 
all these, the author of the great Declaration,^ were his neighbors. 



1 During Washington's administration, Thomas Jefferson lived below the Park limits 
at Gray's Ferry. He continued to reside there until he retired from public life in De- 
cember, 1793, and these fair shores witnessed an interview in 'those days of our transi- 
tion from monarchical ideas following the close of the Revolution, which shows the influ- 
ence Washington held even over this great man. Jefferson, then Secretary of State, had 
finally determined to resign his office; nor was it credited, so decided were the positions 
he had taken, that his determination was alterable. Washington, unbending from the 
place of his superior rank, visited him, and in a long interview (August 6th, 1793) beside 
these waters besought him to remain in the discharge of his ofhce. Jefferson had then 
written to his life-long friend and companion Madison (June 9th, 1793), in a spirit of utter 
weariness of public affairs. " The motion of my blood," he said in this letter, "no longer 
keeps time with the turmoil of the world, my happiness lies in the lap and love of my 
family, in my books and in the society of my neighbors, in an interest and affection in 
every bud that opens and breath that blows around me. I am worn down with fruitless 
labor." To Washington he yielded. It is a pleasant recollection that this great instructor 
of his age, who so loved also the passing air and opening flower, had for that then worn- 
down spirit the relief of these fair scenes of nature, and that the scenes themselves are 
thus associated with his name and widening influence over our race. 



124 FAIRMOUNT PARK. ' 

Washington's memory is the most sacred legacy of these fair 
grounds j the biographer of Judge Peters (the late Samuel Breck) writes: 
'' Whenever a morning of leisure permitted that great man to drive to 
Belmont, it was his constant habit to do so ; in its beautiful gardens, 
beneath the shadows of Jjie lofty hemlocks, he would sequester himself 
from the world, the cares and torments of business, and enjoy a recrea- 
tive and unceremonious intercourse with the Judge." 

On occasions of ceremony, however, at receptions and entertainments, 
Washington maintained surroundings of state in keeping with his time and 
military habitudes, although incongruous with these later days. The old 
shell of the royal era remained long after the soul and heart of the thing 
were gone. In the details of his household, also, he was very stately, and 
among all the equipages which rolled up to the door of Judge Peters's 
mansion, his was the most decisive in its appointments. His coach, 
which is still in good preservation, was of a cream color, drawn by six 
horses of the old dominion stock. His motto was engraved on the har- 
ness plates ; his crest on the panels ; his postilions wore bright tasselled 
caps, and his coachman maintained a dignity and style in perfect keeping 
with the whole. 

He rode here also on the white charger which bore him in the Revo- 
lution, sometimes with attendants, sometime^ alone. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



125 



THE SOLITUDE. 

The Solitude Estate now forms a portion of the Zoological Society's 
grounds. 




The Villa, as its first owner described it, ''near Philadelphia, built by 
me while I resided in America," was erected in 1785 by John Penn— the 
poet, a grandson of the Founder. It remained in the Penn family until 
its purchase by the Park Commissioners. The house, except from age, 
remains quite as the builder left it, and is a pleasant poet's home. It 



126 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

has a small drawing-room; a room adjoining, which served both for a hall 
and sitting-room ; a chamber with an alcove, for his hours of rest ; a 
library, where at once he was his author and auditor ; and deep and 
roomy cellars for his wine. Thi3 fortunate poet's old bookcases, set in 
the wall, give the same quiet to the room they did the days when he 
lived there. His sunny sitting-room is quite the same. The secret door 
by which he shut himself from visits of intrusive friends, closes as quietly 
to as it did so many years ago. The life of the builder of this mansion 
is in strong contrast with the severe and broad virtues of William Penn 
and the other great historic characters who have made these grounds 
memorable. John Penn, the poet, loved solitude, but he made this 
place an enviable solitude; and though he loved his own poems and 
read them all day long, and though they had no other reader, yet they 
show what guests assembled in his solitude. Dante was there ; Chaucer, 
"the well of English undefiled;" Petrarch and Tasso ; and Anacreon. 
Here he sat dreaming through the summer days, the leisure days of a life 
which all was leisure. In one of the volumes of his poems, printed in 
London in 1801, he gives a view of this villa, of which the above is a 
fac-simile, and calls it ''The Solitude." The white dove he has had the 
artist picture flying close along the lawn had been a favorite bird, and 
he there deplores, with Anacreon' s pleasant thoughts and in these old- 
time words and verse, its death . — 

*' Thine, oft I said (nor hoped' so near thy end), 
Are all things round,2 the grove, and cloudless skyj 
Wliile cheers the enlivening ray, sport and enjoy ; 
Thine are yon oaks that o'er the stream impend, 
And rocks that, as I stray with musing eye, 
Or wonder* from the shed,* can never cloy." 

1 Hope, expect. 2 Round, around. » Wonder, admire. * Shed, door. 



FAIRMOUNT TARK. 1 27 

It is said he planted every tree about this house with his own hands ; 
this there is reason to believe, and for the many trees which yet remain, 
and for that picture of the dove flying across the lawn, we keep his 
memory. 

GRANVILLE JOHN PENN. 

Granville John Penn, the great-grandson of the Founder, the last 
private owner of Solitude, and the last of the Founder's name, visited 
this country in 1851. His father in his time one of the most learned lay- 
men of England, and himself a kindly old English gentleman, he was the 
recipient, from our old-time citizens and from the authorities, of suitable 
attentions. In aj:knowledgment of these attentions, he gave a collation 
at ''The Solitude." It is interesting to remember that this house was 
the last property here of a family which was once the owner of the broad 
State of Pennsylvania ; the descendants of a wise and good man, whose 
title, unlike so many others in this and other countries, was founded "in 
deeds of peace," kept with *' unbroken faith." Mr. Penn wished that 
the city should become its owner, and keep it for the Founder's name. 
He did not live to see this pious wish fulfilled, which since his death, to 
our advantage, has been done. The sale of this property to the city, 
and the release by himself in 1852 of the render of a red rose at Christ-1 
mas from the good people of Easton, closes the long account of that 
great Founder's name with ourselves ; its own account on earth now also 
closed forever. 



Granville John Penn died at Stoke Pogis, England, March 29, 1867. He Avas the 
last (save one since deceased) of that line. 



128 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



GEORGE'S HILE. 



Among the first and the most grateful of all the acquisitions by the 
Commissioners was this fine tract of ground. Soon after they began their 
labors they received a letter from Jesse George, an aged and estimable 
member of the Society of Friends, who, with his sister, were then its joint 
owners. 

In the letter Jesse George stated that this property had been the unin- 
terrupted home of his ancestors for many generations, and had retained 
very much the appearance it bore from the first settlement of the country. 
That, with a view of preserving it to their memory in the same rural 
condition in which they occupied it, he had declined all offers to sell it; 
but that considering the benefits of a public Park, and that a disposition 
of the property by him for that purpose would carry out his wishes for its 
preservation, he offered it to his fellow-citizens as a contribution to their 
pleasure-ground. Rebecca George joined with him in the same offer. 

The Commissioners accepted this generous gift, reserving for these 
estimable persons, at their request, the undisturbed enjoyment during 
their lives of the water of a little brook which runs along the foot of the 
hill. 

The tract comprises eighty-three acres. An oval concourse two hun- 
dred feet in diameter crowns its summit, which is two hundred and ten 
feet above the river. 

The presentation of the ground was made i2mo. nth, 1868. Jesse 
George survived his sister, and died at the old homestead adjoining the 
hill Feb. 14, 1873, aged 88 years. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK 



29 




Among the purposes entertained by the Commissioners, that to preserve 
and restore the mansions on these gromids is most approvable. All that 
helps to realize to us the days and actors of the Revolution is of much 
importance to our future. The narrow glass windows of this mansion 
are more precious to patriotic eyes than the broad plates of our era. 
The small rooms, with their low ceilings, and their open fireplaces, 
contending with wintry draughts, are more grateful to patriotic hearts 
than any lofty chambers of our present residences — for their occupants 
were the foremost men of our race, and their great work was for all time. 

We have made marvellous advances in all appliances for material 
grandeur and convenience. We have substituted for their stately equi- 
pages moving palaces on the water and on the land as much grander and 
more costly, as those were than the lumbering wains of the laborers of 
their times. We have overlaid by railroads, and broken down by battles, 
the narrow lines of the thirteen old sovereignties, extended their area 
13 



130 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

across the continent, and unified them to a nation. We have advanced 
higher the standard of freedom, until no slave toils on our soil. But we 
have given no better type of the uses of wealth, than the Financier of 
the Colonies. We have reached no farther in our theories of government 
than the Author of the Declaration. And among all our millions, and all 
the world's millions, there has never been reproduced a man in the like- 
ness of the Leader of the Armies of the Revolution. 








UNIVERSITY l| UNDINE 



QUAKER CITY PENNSYLVANIA 




PHILADELPHIA. 



ElLH] 



^'mm^ UHjMrFA&wi;©' TO' Tiii mm^u 




)[ THUS. 



BACHELORS 




VESPER 



Hu/vrtff. fHW. 



THE SCHUYLKILL NAVY. 

The boats are classified as follows : — 

First Class .... Shells. 

Second Class . . . Outrigger Lapstreaks. 

Third Class .... Smooth Gunwale Barges. 

The regulation size of flags is as follows : — 
For boat-house, 30 X 4° inches, bunting. 
*' boats, 12 X 18 *' silk, to be carried at the bow. 

** racing, 6x8" ** " " 

THE PACIFIC BARGE CLUB. 
Organized June 15, 1859. It is unattached to the Navy. Uniform: 
winter — pants dark blue cloth (Navy style), shirt black and scarlet 
striped, caps leather (skull) ; summer — pants white linen, hats straw. 
Number of members, active twenty, honorary four. 

BOATS. 
Imp . . . length, 42 feet ; oars, 6 ; class, 3d ; color, varnished Spanish cedar. 
Flirt . . " 2^ " " 4; " 3d; " white cedar, painted. 
Wren . . " 27 " double sculls ; class, 1st; color, varnished Spanish cedar. 

The Imp is considered the best boat of its class on the river ; carries 
eighteen persons. 

The club has an elegant model of the Wren, made by one of their 
members. It is twenty-seven inches long, of six different woods ; com- 
plete in every particular, and fastened with five hundred and four copper 
rivets. 

THE QUAKER CITY BARGE CLUB. 

Organized October 20, 1858. Uniform: shirt blue, with white trim- 
ming and trefoil corners ; cap blue, with name on front; jacket blue, with 
navy buttons; pants blue. Number of members, active thirty, honorary 

(131) 



132 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



six. This club has held the first class champion flag for three successive 
years. It has also the second class champion flag for four-oared boats. 

BOATS, 
length, 48 feet ; oars, 4; class, 1st; color, varnished. 
42 " 



Nautilus 
Cygnet , 
Bertha . 
Swan . . 
Spider . 
Iris . . . 
Wasp . . 



25 
30 
17 
40 
40 



"4; " 2d; " white, 

double sculls ; class, 2d ; color, white, 

single " " 1st; paper. 

<( <( (( (( (( 

oars, 6 ; " 3d ; color, wdiite body. 

" 4; class, 1st; paper. 



These two clubs occupy the first of the range of barge- houses going 
from Fairmount. It is of stone, and was built in i860. It is fifty-five 
feet long and thirty-five feet wide, divided into two compartments. The 
house has balconies at each end. 



THE PENNSYLVANIA BARGE CLUB. 

Was organized June 4, 1861, as the Atlantic Barge Club, and subse- 
quently changed to this name. Uniform : dark blue shirt, dark blue 
pants, and leather cap. Active members twenty-five, contributors thirty. 
Among their boats is a twelve-inch paper shell, thirty-two feet long; 
weight, thirty-two pounds ; built for and named Henry Coulter. 

BOATS. 

Falcon length, 42 feet; oars, 6; class, 3d; color, red, gold stripe. 

Stranger ... " 38 " "4; " 3d; " black, gold stripe. 

Mermaid. ... '* 42 " "4; " 2d; " varnished. 

Celia " 20 " double sculls ; class, 2d ; color, red, black stripe. 

JohnCulin . . " 34.*2" single " " 1st; " varnished. 

Henry Coulter " 32 " " ** " ist; " *' paper. 

Josie " 33H" " " " 1st; " " " 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



^33 



THE CRESCENT BOAT CLUB. 

Organized December ist, 1867. Uniform: for winter — dark navy 
blue coat, shirt, and trowsers, sailor cap with the ckib name; summer — 
straw hat, blue shirt and trowsers. Active members thirty-two, contri- 
buting eighteen. 

BOATS. 



Intrepid . 


. . length, 48 feet 


; oars, 6 ; class, 2d ; color, green, black stripe. 


lONE . . . 


. « 42 " 


" 6; " 3d; " crimson, gold stripe. 


Sylph . . 


. « 25 " 


double sculls; class, 2d ; color, crimson, gold stripe. 


Turtle . 


. . " H'A" 


<' " " 2d; " " " " 


Nereid . 


. . " 223^" 


(( (( <( 2d* " " " " 


Owlet . . 


. • " 35 " 


" " "1st; varnished. 


Crescent . 


. " 42 " 


oars, 4; class, ist; color, " 


Petrel . . 


" 25 " 


single " ist; " " 


Frolic . . 


28 " 


a igt. u « 


Ah Sin . . 


. " 28 " 


" " 1st; " " 


Clam . . . 


(( IC " 


" scull ; class, 2d ; black. 



The Pennsylvania and Crescent Ckibs own and occupy the same build- 
ing (the second of the houses) ; it is of stone, fifty by forty feet, two stories 
in height, with a Mansard roof. 

Each club has entirely separate apartments, the boat-rooms on the first 
floor being separated by a stone partition-wall. In consequence of the 
higher grade on the Park front, the house is entered on the second floor, 
a six feet wide hall running between the dressing and reception rooms, 
on each side. The Crescent occupy the southwest side of the building. 
Their rooms are plastered alike, roughcast tinted, with gilt cornices. 
The dressing-room is furnished with closets for each member, a six-light 
chandelier, side lights, mirror, Szc; the wood-work finished in oak, and 
the floor oiled and varnished. 



134 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

The reception-room is finished in walnut, has a four-light chandelier, 
the furniture walnut and green rep j the windows are curtained, the floor 
carpeted, and the walls decorated with paintings. A glass door opens out 
upon a balcony which extends along the entire river front of the house. 

The above-mentioned clubs were the first to introduce this style of 
building, affording the most commodious boat-houses in this country. 

BACHELORS' BARGE CLUB. 

Organized on the 4th of July, 1853; it is unattached to the Navy. 
Uniform : blue flannel shirt, bound with single white braid, gilt buttons on 
front and on the cuffs; blue cloth pants, heavy blue cloth pea-jacket, blue 
cloth navy cap lettered Bachelor, and black silk neckerchief. Summer : 
straw hat, black ribbon streamer and gilt letters Bachelor in front 
Twenty-nine active members, twenty-three honorary members. 

BOATS. 

Bachelor . . . length, 52 feet; oars, 6; class, ist; color, varnished. 

Linda " 50 " "6; " 3d; " " 

Lotus " 42 " " 4 ; " 2d ; " green, gold stripe. 

Gazelle. ... " 25 " double sculls; class, 2d; color, varnished. 

Brat " 30 " one pair sculls " ist; " " 

Cub " 32 " " " " " 1st; " " 

" — " oars, 4; class, 1st; color, varnished. 

The house of this club is the third of the boat-houses ; a neat brown 
stone, Gothic edifice, two stories high, with balconies. It is fifty-five 
feet long, and twenty-five feet wide. It, as also the others, have the 
same general style and arrangements with the first of the houses. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. i^^ 



UNIVERSITY BARGE CLUB. 

Organized April 25, 1854, by classmen of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. Uniform : red flannel shirt bound with black braid, jet buttons, 
and falling collar with black silk stars in the corners ; black pantaloons 
in winter, white in summer; black patent-leather belt with U. B. C. in 
raised plated letters ; black silk necktie ; black morocco jockey cap in 
winter, and in summer a white Mackinaw straw hat bound with black, 
with University in gold letters on the ribbon, and the initials of the owner 
painted in black on the crown. Forty-two active members, thirty-six 
honorary. It is now the senior club of the Navy. 

BOATS. 

University, length, 48 feet ; oars, 4; class, ist; color, varnished. 

Hesperus " 36 " "4; " ist; '* " 

Lucifer . " 45 " "6; *' 2d; *' white, black and red stripe. 

PHILADELPHIA BARGE CLUB. 

Organized December 8, 1862; incorporated July 13, 1870. Uniform: 
a plain double-breasted shirt of blue flannel, covered buttons, and white 
flannel trowsers, pea-jacket, and skullcap of same material as shirt. 
Number of members, seventeen active, and nine honorary. 

BOATS. 
Faugh a Ballagh, length, 42 feet ; oars, 6 ; class, 2d ; color, varnished. 

No Name *' 22 ** double sculls ; class, 2d; color, varnished. 

Mist ** 41 *' oars, 4; class, 1st; paper; weight 100 pounds. 

Lorelei " 37 " " " 3<^U color, varnished. 

Fly " 17 " single scull; class, 2d; color, varnished. 

The University and Philadelphia occupy jointly the fourth of the 
houses. It is 42 X 57 feet ; built of West Chester green stone. Mansard 



136 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



roof; bay windows on the Park side, and is fitted up with dressing and 
reception rooms, balcony extending over the whole river front, and over 
the bay windows on the Park side. 

MALTA BOAT CLUB. 

Organized February, i860. The uniform is blue shirt trimmed with 
red cord, blue pants, blue sack-coat with navy buttons, and blue cap. 
Members, thirty-two active, three contributing, one honorary. In addi- 
tion to the boats as classified, this club is building two others. 



Hiawatha . 
Minnehaha 
Columbia . 
Idalia . . . 
Wasp .... 



BOATS, 
length, 43 feet ; oars, 6 ; class, 2d ; color, green, gold stripe. 
" 35 " "6; " 3d; " orange, gold stripe. 

" 45 " "6; " 2d; " varnished. 
" 46 " "4; " 1st; " " 

" 18 " double sculls ; class, 3d; color, varnished. 



VESPER BOAT CLUB. 

Organized February 22, 1865. It is unattached to the Navy. The 
uniform is dark blue flannel shirt (U. S. seaman's pattern), dark blue 
pants, cap, and pea-jacket. Members, thirty-six active, ten honorary. 

BOATS. 

. length, 42% feet; oai-s, 6; class, 3d; color, white, gold stripe. 

" 4; " 3d; " varnished. 

" 4 ; « 2d ; " red, gold stripe, 
double sculls ; class, 2d ; color, varnished, 
oars, 4; class, 1st; color, varnished. 

The house of the Vesper and Malta is the fifth in order. Is an ornate 
structure of stone. 



Vesper . . 


. . length, 42% 


Venture . 


. . " 37 


Onward . 


• . " sjy. 


Vagabond 


. . " 26 


Volant . 


. . " 42 


Two single 


woi-king boats. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



137 



THE UNDINE BARGE CLUB. 

Organized May 9, 1856. Uniform : blue flannel shirt with white trim- 
mings, blue pants, straw hat, black ribbon with word Undine in gilt 
letters. Members, fifty-eight active, ten honorary. A record of one of 
its members, from August, 1862, to January, 1871, shows an actual dis- 
tance pulled of over 11,481 miles. The Club's record shows that its 
boats are out from five hundred to seven hundred times yearly. For the 
year 1868, five hundred and fifty-one times j 1869, seven hundred and 
forty-five times; 1870, six hundred and fifty times. The greatest number 
of miles rowed by a member was in 1866, 1402 miles; in 1867, 1224; 
in 1868, 1281; in 1869, 2643; in 1870, 1202. In 1868, twenty-four 
members rowed an average of 443 miles; in 1869, eighteen members 
an average of 551; in 1870, twenty-two members an average of 410. 

This Club occupies a portion of the Skating Club-'s house. 

BOATS. 

Scud length, 43 feet ; oars, 4; class, 1st; color, varnished. 

Whisper " 42 " " 4; " ist; " " 

New Atalanta . " 45 " " 6; " 2d; " '* 

Old Atalanta . " 40 " "6; " 2d; " blue, gold stripe. 

Undine " 40 " "6; " 3d; " " " " 

Fawn " 23,};^" double sculls ; class, 2d; color, blue, gold stripe. 

Crab " 17 " i pair " " 2d; 

Selah " 31 " " " " 1st; " varnished. 

Ripple " " single " " ist; " " 

"C. V" '* 20 " " *' " " " 

Terrapin ....<' 17 *' " " 2d; '* ** 
*' 34 " double sculls ; *' ist; '♦ ** 



138 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



ROWING TIME. 

The best time as yet made on the Schuylkill is — 

June I, 1867. Hesperus .... 4 oars, ist class 

" I, " Bachelor .... 6 " ist " 

" I, " Iris 6 " 3d " 

"15, " New Atalanta . 6 " 2d " 

July 1869. Hiawatha. . . . 6 " 2d " 

" " Minnehaha . . . 6 " 3d " 

Oct. I, 1870. Quaker City . . 4 " ist " 

«* 5, " Single Scull. 



20 min 


•03 


sec. 


3 


miles 


20 " 


38 






(( 


19 " 


3- 






<« 


18 " 


54 






" 


18 " 


02 






" 


19 " 


05 






" 


19 " 


26 






(( 


20 « 








« 



The distance from Turtle Rock to Girard Avenue Bridge is 2060 feet ; to the rock just 
beyond the Connecting Railway Bridge on the west bank, }^ a mile ; to a point half-way 
between the lower end of the island and the steamboat landing on the west bank, I mile; 
to the Columbia Bridge, i mile and 14CX) feet; to the middle of Peters Island, 1)4 mile; 
to Berkenbine's clearing, 2 miles ; to Laurel Hill landing, 2 miles and 2300 feet ; to a 
long white house on the west bank, half-way between the landing and the Falls Bridge, 
2)i miles; to the Falls Bridge, 2 miles and 4600 feet. The stake boat was placed here 
at the race, October, 1870. 



LIST OF TREES AND HERBACEOUS PLANTS IN THE PARK 
WHICH FLOWER IN MAY. 



TREES AND SHRUBS. 



Acer. Maple. 

saceharinum Sugar. 

dasycarpum Silver-leaved. 

platanoides Norway Maple. 

campestre English Maple. 

pseudo platanus English Sycamore. 

rubrum Red Maple. 

Negundo. Box Elder. 

fraxinifolium Ash -leaved. 

C E L T I s . Bea ver wood . 

occidentalis Western. 

Fraxinus. Ash. 

Americana American. 

juglandifolia Walnut-leaved. 

sambucifolia Elder-leaved. 

^SCULUS. Horse Chestnut. 

hippocastanum Common. 

Ohioensis Ohio. 

rubicunda Ruddy. 

pallida Pale-flowered. 

Pavia. Pavia. 

flava Yellow. 

humilis Humble. 

Cerasis. Cherry. 

multiplex pendula Weeping d. fl. 

Virginiana Virginia Bird Cherry. 

Cercis. Jtidas Tree. 

Canadensis Canadian Tree. 

Betula. Birch. 

alba White. 

nigra Black. 

Castanea. Chestnut. 

vesca Common. 

CoRYLUS. Hazel. 

Americana American. 

H A L e s I A . Silver Bell. 

tetraptera Four-winged. 

Laurus. Latirns. 

sassafras Sassafras Tree. 

benzoin Spice Bush. 

LiRiODENDRON. TuUp Tree. 

tulipifera Tulip Flowering. 

MORUS. Mulberry. 

alba White. 

rubra Red. 



Nyssa. Sour Gum Tree. 

vallosa Hairy. 

DiosPYROS. Persimmon. 

Virginiana Common Virginian. 

Salix. Willow. 

fragilis Brittle. 

nigra Black. 

vitellina Golden. 

Russelliana Russell's. 

laurifolia Laurel-leaved. 

caprea pendula Kilmar'k Weeping. 

rosem rinafolia Rosemary-leaved. 

Cydonia. Qnince. 

Japonica Japan. 

Japonica alba White. 

vulgaris Common. 

Kalmia. Kalmia. 

latifolia Broad-leaved. 

FoRSYTHiA. Golden Bell. 

viridissima Green-leaved. 

Zanthoxylum. Toothache. 

fraxineum Ash-leaved. 

Staphyla. Bladder -nut. 

trifolium Three-leaved. 

Syringa. Lilac Tree. 

vulgaris Common. 

alba White. 

persica Persian. 

Calycanthus. Sweet Shrtcb. 

florida Flowering. 

EuONYMUS. Bnryiing Bush. 

atropurpureus Dark Purple. 

Americana American. 

LiGusTRUM. Privet. 

communis Common. 

RiBES. Ribes. 

aureum Golden-flowered Currant. 

CORNUS. Dogic'ood. 

florida White-flowered. 

sericea Silky. 

Crataegus. Hawthorn. 

oxycantha English. 

crusgalli Cockspur. 

Fag us. Beech. 

sylvatica Common wood. 



140 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



QUERCUS. Oah. 

nigra Black. 

falcata Spanish 

alba White. 

discolor Two-colors. 

rubra Red. 

prinus Chestnut. 

quercitron Dyer's. 

heterophylla Various-loaveLl. 

Carpinus. Hornheam. 

Americana American. 

Platan us. Bnttomcood. 

occidentalis Western. 

JuGLANS. Wahmt. 

regia Royal. 

nigra Black. 

compr essa Shelbark. 

macrocarpa Large-fruited. 

alba Common Hickorj'. 

porcina Pignut " 

TiLlA. liindcn. 

Americana American. 

rubra Red. 

Europea European. 

Paulownia. Pcndoivnia. 

imperialis Imperial. 

Broussonetia. p. Mulberry. 

papyrifera Paper. 

Gleditschia. Locust. 

tricanthos Three-spined. 

inermis Thornless. 

CnioNANTHUS. W. Fringe. 

Virginica Virginian. 

Gymxocladus. Ky. Coffee. 

Canadense Canadian. 

Alnus. Alder. 

glauca Mealy-leaved. 



Magnolia. Magnolia. 

cordata Heart-shaped leaf. 

tripetela Umbrella Tree. 

purpurea Purple-flowered. 

purpurea gracilis Slen. purple-flow'd. 

Amygdalus. Almond. 

persica flore pleno D. Persian. 

Azalea. Hosehay. 

viscosa Clammy. 

Berberis. Barberry. 

vulgaris Common. 

atropurpurea Dark Purple. 

Spire A. iSpirea. 

prunifolium Plum-leaved. 

Ree vesii W hite-flo wered. 

Kerria. Kerria. 

Japonica Japan. 

Deutzia. Deutzia. 

scabra Rough. 

gracilis Slender. 

crenatafl. pi Double Pink-flowered. 

Viburnum. Viburnum. 

pren ifolium Plum-leaved. 

lantanoides Lan tana-like. 

oxycoeus Tree Cranberry. 

Weigelia. Weigelia. 

amabilis Lovely. 

rosea Rosy. 

Philadelphus. Mock Orange. 

coronarius Common. 

grandiflorus Grand-flowering. 

Rhus. Mist Tree. 

cotinus Wild Olive. 

LoNiCERA. Honeysuckle. 

tartarica Tartarian. 

alba White. 

xylosteum English Fly. 

Glycina. ) _,, . . 
,„ S- (jrlycinia. 

Wistaria. ) •' 



HERBACEOUS PLANTS. 



Erigeron. Plantain. 

bellidifolium Daisy- flowered. 

Panax. Ginseng. 

quinquifolia Five-leaved. 

pentstemon Pentstemon. 

pubescens Hairy. 

OxALis. Wood Sorrel. 

acetosella Common. 

violacea Violet-flowered. 

stricta Upright. 



Cardamine. Lady Smock. 

Pennsylvanica Pennsylvanian. 

Dent ARIA. Tooth Wort. 

laciniata Jagged. 

Arabis. Wall Cress. 

falcata. Sickle-pod. 
Tradescantia. S2)ider Wort. 

Virginica Virginian. 

rosea Rose-colored. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



141 



Veronica. Speed ivell. 

setigera Bristly. 

arvensis Cornfield. 



serpylliiblia. 



;rpy 



ium-leiived. 



Con VALL ARIA, hily of Valley. 

in a j a 1 is M a y- 

S M I L A e I N A . Sm ila cina . 

racemosn Racemose flowered. 

trifolia Three-leaved. 

bifolia Two-le.aved. 

POLYGONATUM. iSoloiUOu'^ S. 

multifloruui Many- flowered. 

Sax A FRAG A. Saxafraga. 

Pennsylvanica Pennsylvanian. 

Virginica Virginian. 

Ho U ST UNI A. Houston M. 

cerulea Blue-flowered. 

Claytoxia. Claytouia. 

Virginica Virginian. 

Hepatica. Hepalica. 

triloba Three-lobed. 

A L s I N R . Ck ickwced . 

pubescens Pubescent. 

media Mediate. 

ERYTHRONiujr. Violet. 

Aniericanum American. 

Baudarea. Mustard. 

precox Early. 

Cory DAL IS. Corydalis. 

lutea Yellow. 

FuMARiA. Fuman'n. 

officinalis Officinala. 

Senecio. Groundsel. 

surea Yellow. 

Valerianelt.a. La mhs -lettuce, 

radiata Radiated. 

olitoria Salad. 

Aquilegia. Colnmhive. 

Canadense Canadian. 

Viola. Violet. 

pedata Pedate. 

blanda White. 

lanceolata Lnnce-leaved. 

hastata Halberd-leaved. 

saggitata Snow-leaved. 

rotundifolia Round-leaved. 

trifoliata lutea Three-leaved Yellow. 

striata Striped. 

arvensis Field. 

C II E L iDO N I u M. Cela mlinc. 

inajus Large. 

Anemone. A?temo?fe. 

thalictroides Th alio trura-I ike. 

neinorosa Grove. 

14 



SinAPIS. Mustard 

nigra Common Black. 

Leontodon. Dandelion. 

taraxacum Common. 

Hie RAci u m . Ilawku-eed. 

venosum Veined-leaf. 

RuNEX. Dock. 

crispa Curled. 

obtusifoliuai Obtuse- leaved. 

K R I G I A . Krigia . 

Virginica Virginian. 

MuscARiA. Grape Hyacinth. 

botryoides Botrys-like. 

CiKERoPHYLLUM. Chervil. 

Canadeuse Canadian. 

Smyrnium. Alexanders. 

trifolia tnm Three-leaved. 

purpurea Purple. 

Trillium. Trillium. 

ce rneum Drooping-flowered. 

Aral I A. Aralia. 

nudicaulis Naked-stemmed. 

Thalictrum. E. Meadow Rue. 

dioeeium Dioecious. 

Catt lopiiyll u m. Canhphylht m . 

thalictroides Thai ietrum-1 ike. 

asarum Ginger Root. 

Canadense Canadian. 

CocHLEARiA. Scurty^ross. 

armoracea Horseradish. 

Lamium. ArcJm7>.gel. 

anipelieaule Stem-clasp Hen. 

Galium. Bedstraw. 

Aparine Cleavers. 

tinctorium ....Dyers. 
Podophyllum. May Apple. 

peltatum Peltate leaf. 

Chrysosplenium. i^axafrage. 

oppositifolium Opposite leaved. 

Ranunculus. Cro^cfoot. 

Pennsylvanica Pennsylvanian. 

bulbosa Bulbous. 

fascicularis Bundled. 

abortiva Abortive. 

Stmplocarpus. Skunk Cabhage. 

foetid us Fetid. 

angustifolium Narrow-spathed. 

Arum. Arum. 

triphyllum Three-leaved. 

atrorubens Dark Purple Stalked. 

Drab A. Draba. 

verna Vernal. 

CnRVSANTiiEMT^M. Chrysanthemum. 

leucanthemum Ox-eye Daisy. 



42 



FAIRMOUNT TARK. 



Gleciioma. Ground Ivy. 

rotundifolia Round-leaved 

hederacea Common. 

PoTENTiLLA. Ciuquefoil. 

sarmentosa Twigged. 

Canadensis Canadian. 

Fragaria. Strawberry. 

vesca Wood. 

Geranium. Crane^s Bill. 

maculatum Spotted. 

Orxithogalum. Star of Bet/ilekem. 

umbellatura Umbellated. 

Epige^. Ground Laurel. 

repens Creeping. 

Saliva. Sage. 

lyrata Lyre-sbaped. 

Malaxis. Malaxis. 

lilifolium Lily-leaved. 



Nasturtium. Nastnrtiiim. 

officinalis Officinale. 

Medeola. Indian Cucumber. 

Virginica Virginian. 

SiSYUYNCHiUM. Bluc-cycd Grass. 

anceps Iris-leaved. 

Heuciiera. Arum Root. 

Americana American. 

Plant AGO. Tlantain. 

major Large. 

Virginica Virginian. 

lanceolata Lance-leaved. 

crassifolia Thick-leaved. 

Trifolium, Clover. 

pratense Common Red. 

repens White Clover. 

campestre Slender Wood- 

Antennaria. Ant. 

plantaginea Plantain-leaved. 



LIST OF WORKS OF ART. 

Statue of Justice, at Faimiount, carved by Rush. 

" Wisdom, " " 

The Graff IMemorial, " 
Marble antique, " 

Leda and the Swan, '* canned by Rush, 

Embtematic composition on wheel-houses, carved by Rush. 
Marble Fountain, from a Borghese palace, Rome. 
The first fountain on the Wissahickon, marble. 
The Tndian (ronghly cut in wood). 
Two Pegasus Groups, at Belmont Offices. 
Venus risen from the Bath, cast finished by Dr. Rush. 
Statue of Lincoln, on the Plaza, 
Night, at George's Hill. 
The Wolves, at Lansdowne. 
The Dying Lioness. 
II Penseroso, in the Picture Gallery. 



Compiled to October, 1S75. 



COMPARATIVE SIZE OF PARKS IN EUROPE AND AMERICA. 

FROM THE MOST RELIABLE SOURCES. 

Park at the Hague, 200 acres. Alameda, City of Mexico, 12 acres. Park at Munich, 
320 acres. Peel, Manchester, 32 acres. Petit Park, Versailles, 1280 acres. Palais 
Royal, 10 acres. Tuileries, 50 acres. Luxembourg, 160 acres. Champs Elysde, 225 
acres. The Bois de Boulogne, 2158 acres. Grosse Garden, Saxony, 800 acres, 
Schwebgingen, near Heidelberg, 300 acres. Schloss Garden, Stuttgard, 560 acres. Hof 
Garden, Munich, 500 acres. Thier Garden, Berlin, 200 acres, Djurgard, Stockholm, 480 
acres. The Prater, Vienna, 2500 acres. The Summer Garden, near St, Petersburg, 480 
acres. Boboli, Florence, 200 acres. Tzarsco Selo, near St, Petersburg, 350 acres, 
Sweetzingen, near Mannheim, 100 acres. Richmond Hill, 2468 acres, Lambeth, 250 
acres. Kew Garden, 684 acres. Arboretum, Derby, 50 acres. Meadows, Edinburgh, 
200 acres. Phoenix Park, Dublin, 1752 acres. Birkenhead, Liverpool, 185 acres. 
Kensington Gardens, 35 acres. Buckingham Palace, 40 acres. Hyde Park, 389 acres. 
St. James's Park, 59 acres. Green Park, 55 acres. Regent's Park, 450 acres. Norfolk, 
Sheffield, 20 acres. Primrose Hill, 50 acres. Greenwich Park, 200 acres. Baxter, 
Dundee, 37 acres. Victoria, 300 acres. Crystal Palace, Edinburgh, 200 acres. Bat- 
tersea, 175 acres. Albert Park, 409 acres. Kensington Park, 262 acres. Chiswick 
Gardens, ;^;^ acres. Windsor Little Park, 500 acres. Windsor Great Park, 1800 acres. 
Hampton Court, 1872 acres. Green, Glasgow, 121 acrds. Prince's Park, Liverpool, 90 
acres. Washington, South Park, 150 acres. Hartford, Central, 46 acres. New York, 
Central Park, 862 acres. The other New York public grounds are— The Battery, 30 
acres; City Hall Park, loi^ acres; Washington Parade Ground, gH acres; Union Square, 
4 acres ; Stuy vesant Park, 4 acres ; Tompkins Square, io>^ acres ; Madison Square, 7 
acres; St, John's Park, 4 acres; Gramercy Park, 1^ acre. Brooklyn, Prospect, 550 
acres. Baltimore, Druid Hall, 700 acres, and Patterson's Park, 35^ acres. San Fran- 
cisco has twelve squares of small extent — one improved. Cincinnati, Washington Park, 
4K acres; Lincoln Park, 7 acres; Hopkins, i]4 acre; City Park, i}4 acre; and Long- 
worth's Garden of Eden, 156 acres. St. Louis, Tower Grove Park, 2763?/^ acres; it has 
also fourteen others, containing 119 acres, and Shaw's Garden, the wonder of the West, 

(143) 



144 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



276 acres. Chicago, Lincoln Park, 50 acres; Washington Park 2^^, acres; Lake Park, 
40 acres; Dearborn Park, i}i acre; Ellis Park, 3 acres; Union Park, 17 acres; Jefferson 
Park, 5>^ acres; Vernon Park, 4 acres: in all, nearly 126 acres, in addition to the River- 
side, 1600 acres. Boston, Common, 48 acres. New Haven, Wooster, 5 acres; the 
Green, 16 acres; the Brewster, 55 acres. Philadelphia, Hunting Park, 45 acres; Fair- 
mount Park, 3160 acres. The other Philadelphia Parks, or Squares, are — Logan Square, 
7 acres 3 roods; Franklin Square, 7 acres 3 roods; Rittenhouse Square, 6 acres 2 roods; 
Washington Square 6 acres 2 roods; Independence Square, 4 acres 2 roods; Jefferson 
Square, 2 acres 2 roods. 




STATISTICS OF THE WATER DEPARTMENT, 



Contents of the reservoirs : — 

Gallons. 
Fairmount ......... 26,996,636 

Corinthian Avenue ........ 37,300,000 

Schuylkill (foimerly Spring Garden) ..... 9,800,000 

Belmont 35,800,000 

109,896,636 
Roxborough . . . .... . 11,407,567 

Germantown ....... 2,083,875 

Delaware, old reservoir ..... 9,184,000 * 

" new reservoir ..... 13,000,000 

35,775,442 

All the reservoirs .... 145,672,078 

Pumping capacity of the works, July, 187 1 : — 

Fairmount (water-power), a])out ..... 34,191,619 

Schuylkill, about . . 22,947,000 

Belmont, " 10,000,000 

Per twenty-four hours 67,138,619 

Roxborough . . . . . . . 2,500,000 

Germantown ....... 750,000 

Delaware . . . . . . .11 ,000,000 

14,250,000 

All the works 81,388,619 

There are seven turbines and two breast wheels at Fairmount. 

( 145 ) 



146 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



-level : — 












Belmont reservoir, 


when fLi]l 


, 212 


feet above 


city datum. 


Corinthian Av. 


" 


" 


1 20 






Schuylkill 


(( 


(( 


120 






Delaware 


<( 


(( 


114 






Fairmount 


(( 


(( 


96 






Roxborough 


(I 


it 


365 







Have 488J miles of distributing pipes. 

The average daily supply for the month of July, 1870, was : — 

From Fairmount 26,191,619 

Schuylkill 10,404,431 

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . 5,210,439 

Belmont 3,424,059 

Germantown 748,187 



46,008,735 

Equal to 68^^ gallons for each of the population, per revised census, 
or 83Y^o\ gallons for each of the population who receive a supply from 
the works, or 483 gallons per day for each water tenant. 

The greatest supply delivered in any one day was on July 20, 1870, 
as follows : — 

From Fairmount 29,921,539 

Schuylkill 14,856,940 

Delaware 5^1355750 

Belmont 3,958,680 

Germantown 781,600 



54,654,509 

Equal to 81 gallons for the total population, or 92^^^ gallons for the 
total population supplied by the works; or 540 gallons for each water 
tenant. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 147 

The supply delivered in the year 1850 was 18 gallons for each of 

population ; in i860, 48 gallons for each of population ; and in 1870, 
55 gallons for each of population. 

The increase in population from 1850 to i860 was 38 per cent., 
whilst the increase in supply of water was 62 per cent. 

The increase in population from i860 to 1870 was 19 per cent., 
whilst the increase in water-supply was 41 per cent. 
Supply of water : — 

Gallons. Population. 

1820 1,537.200 119025 

1S30 3,074,644 167,811 

1840 4,922,257 225,359 

1850 7,432,337 408,763 

i860 27,345,176 565,592 

1870 46,008,735 673,726 

Population, 673,726; houses in the city, 115,132, equal 5-5-% P^''" 
house. There were, January i, 1870, 98,792 dwellings in Philadelphia; at 
5i%^^ per dwelling, would make the number of persons supplied 554,030, 
equal to 87-1% per cent, of the whole population who pay for the water. 

The reservoir in the east Park will contain 750,000,000 gallons. 




APPENDIX. 

INEDITED LETTERS OF ROBERT MORRIS. 

In 1794, Mr. Morris was President of the Asylum Company. He began, with John 
Nicholson, of this city, to invest largely in land in 1795. On the 20th February, 1795, 
the North American Land Company was formed by Morris, Nicholson, and James 
Greenleaf, of New York. The capital stock consisted of six millions and forty-three and 
one quarter acres of land, in Pennsylvania, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South 
Carolina, and Georgia. The fragments of this vast estate, collected by the late Mr, Dun- 
das, as surviving manager of the company (1859), and long after all connected with it 
were ruined and dead, amounted to nearly a quarter of a million dollars. We are per- 
mitted to copy from the originals the following letters of Robert Morris; some from the 
Park and some from the Prune Street Jail ; they have not heretofore been made public. 

Hills, Sept. 6, 1797. 
John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir : Here is a morning that will cool you and your letters so 
quick, that I think you will dispatch the business they import, without 
further delay. Mr. Graham will of course soon have the letter you in- 
tended to prepare for him to be sent to the Board of Managers of the North 
American Land Company. I hope Jesse Sharpless may get to a hotter 
place than my warm house before he can make a successful attack on 
you. We are hard threatened, but I hope that care and vigilance will 
disappoint all of them as to our persons. Whether you were right about 
the yellow fever or not, is not yet determined amongst the doctors ; and 
as to your being always right, I will not answer for the future, but for the 
past I answer, no. If you had, neither you or I should have been as we 
are. My Chestnut Street house and lot, these grounds (the Hills), and 
some ground-rents, are advertised by Mr. Baker for sale on the 15th inst., 
and what to do I am at a loss, not having heard from Allen, and not 
having time enough to write to and hear from Mr. Ashley, and whether 
he will be back in time is uncertain ; so that I am in great distress, without 
as yet seeing relief at hand. If this thing takes place, it is of little con- 
sequence whether I am taken or not. As yet I am furnished with victuals, 

( 149 ) 



I^o FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

as formerly, by Jenny and a black cook, who does not come into the 
house, neither do any others, except my own family and such persons 
as I send for; except, also, that I admitted William Lewis, George 
Graham, and Hetty. I believe Hetty would like to come here if you 

could spare her, but this I do not ask Can you assist me to 

raise $500 to send off Mr. Richard, otherwise his two years' labor will be 
lost. I have been scheming and trying, but without success. No man, 
it seems, can command — rather say, spare — so large a sum. Poor Sterett ! 
poor Sheaff! What shall we do? Powerful exertions must be made, for, 
at all events, we must relieve all who have served us, and all who may 
continue to serve us. This day will drive the yellow fever away, and 
relieve you from the heat you complain of. With best wishes, I am, 

Dear sir, your obedient servant, 

ROBERT MORRIS. 



Hills, Oct. 25, 1797. 
John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir : I am now possessed of your notes of this date, Nos. i to 
6. I have received this day a notice from Greenleaf, that he has applied 
to the Justices of the Court of Common Pleas for liberation ; you will 
find herein a copy of the notice sent to me ; it is dated the 15 th inst., and 
came to-day to my counting-house, with the curious indorsement on it in 
Mr. Elliott's handwriting. I shall take measures about my suits imme- 
diately. To No. 2, I say, O Kentucky, Kentucky ! is there any faith in 

thy goodly lands? My assent is with your No. 3 While I 

am writing, I receive your further notes of to-day, Nos. 7, 8, 9. I wish 
to God these notes would serve to take up those that bear promise of 
payments ! They are numerous already ; but if they would answer the 
other purpose, you would want more copying-presses and half a dozen 

paper-mills Your No. 8 I shall answer when I have more 

leisure. To No. 9, I answer, that they will have done advertising and 
selling our property after it is all sold and gone. 200,000 acres of my 
land in North Carolina, which cost me ^27,000, is sold for one year's 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



151 



taxes. By Heaven, there is no bearing with these things ! I believe I 
sliall go mad. Every day brings forward scenes and troubles almost insup- 
portable ; and they seem to be accumulating, so that at last they will, like 
a torrent, carry everything before them. God help us ! for men will not. 
We are abandoned by all but those who want to get from us all we yet 
hold. Your fellow-sufferer, 

ROBERT MORRIS. 



Hills, Dec. 21, 1797. 

John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir: I have received your letters, Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7 of yes- 
terday, and Nos. i, 2, and 3 of this date To No. 2, I say, I 

will starve before I will do what is therein mentioned I send 

herewith the letter from the Trustees of the Aggregate Fund, dated the 
20th, which came to me this day. Pray what security do they mean, 
when they say the security we requested? I do not recollect any request 
of a particular security in their letters, and to me none has been made 
verbally, although I believe it has to you. We must see each other on 
this business. I wish you were here now ; I have a fine fire, and the 
night is so cold that the devil himself would not turn out to catch you 
going home. I have a choice of difficulties, and a number of troubles 
in various cases, but one that hits me hardest just now arises with Church 
and Hamilton in New York. Good heavens, what vultures men are in 
regard to each other ! I never, in the days of prosperity, took advantage 
of any man's distresses, and I suppose what I now experience is to serve 
as a lesson whereby to see the folly of humane and generous conduct. 

Yours, 

ROBERT MORRIS. 



Hills, Jan. 22, 179S. 
John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir : Yours, Nos. i, 2, and 3, of this day, are just brought out. 
I see you had a busy day yesterday ; I was very near adding one to the 



152 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

number of your visitors, but now I see it would have been of no use had 

I gone I have written to John Cunningham to inform me 

all he can of the proceedings against my lands in Cunningham's district. 
x\s you are a great lawyer, I mean to consult you about that affair. He 
said also that similar proceedings, *'he believed," were had against our 
lands under the management of Mr. Hoge, and against all your donation 

lands. So there is work cut out for both of us There is a 

Frenchman intends to shoot me at the window if I do not pay a note he 
had protested on Saturday. I thank you for the paper inclosed in No. 3. 
The Secretary of the North American Land Company is here, and regrets 
that he was not in town when your note to him came there ; he received 
it here. 

ROBERT MORRIS. 



Hills, February 5, 1798. 
Dear Sir : I got safe here, and found it the only place of calmness 
and quiet my foot was in all yesterday. It has made me more averse to 
the city than ever, and I detest Prune Street more than ever; therefore, 
keep me from it, if possible, my dear friend. 

ROBERT MORRIS. 
To John Nicholson, Esq. 

Hills, Feb. 7, 1798. 
John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir : I did not hear from you yesterday, so that I am not ac- 
quainted with what has been fixed with George Eddy, or what is doing 
with the creditors for whom he is my bail ; neither has J. Baker been 
here. Is anything doing with his list of creditors? Is Samuel Jackson 
relieved of the necessity of giving bail, and Sterett the same? What is 
doing for John Allen ? Is there any chance of saving my furniture from 
the sheriff, and my person from jail, or are these things fixed ? 

Yours, etc., 

ROBERT MORRIS. 

P. S. — I have just received your letter of yesterday and its inclosures, 
and I read Prune Street in every line. 



FAIRMOUNT TARK. 1^3 

Hills, Feb. 8, 1798. 

John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir : I return herewith the letters and copies of letters received 
under cover of yours to me of the 6th inst., which are the last I have re- 
ceived from you. Although I am expecting to hear what kind of reception 
and answers your circular letter has met with, I cannot say that I have con- 
ceived the smallest degree of hope from that measure ; on the contrary, I 
consider my fate as fixed : hard and cruel fate it is. The punishment of my 
imprudence in the use of my name, and loss of credit, is perhaps what 1 
deserve, but it is, nevertheless, severe on my family, and on their account 
I feel it most tormentingly. On their account I would do anytliing to 
avert what I foresee must happen next week, except an act that would still 
affect them more deeply. I will try to see you before I go to prison, and 

in the mean time I remain your distressed friend, 

ROBERT MORRIS. 



The following Letters are from the Prune Street Jail : — 

February 20, 1798. 

To John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir: My confinement has, so far, been attended with dis- 
agreeable and uncomfortable circumstances ; for, having no particular 
place allotted to me, I feel myself an intruder in every place in which I 
go. I sleep on other persons' beds, I occupy other people's rooms; and 
if I attempt to sit down to write, it is at the interruption and inconveni- 
ence of some one who has acquired a prior right to the place. I am try- 
ing daily to get a room for a high rent, and now have a prospect of suc- 
ceeding. I am now writing in a room which is the best in the house, and 
hope to have complete possession in a day or two ; then I can set up a 
bed, and introduce such furniture and conveniences as will make me 
comfortable. 

February 21, 1798. 
Dear Sir: Your letters, Nos. i and 2 of yesterday, and No. i of 
this day, are before me. I have signed, sealed, and forwarded all the 
15 



154 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



letters for the Trustees of the Aggregate Fund. But what shall we do 
for General Forest and Mr. Dunlop? Shall we give them a rider on the 
city i^roperty next to Jacob Baker. This would interest them to save it 
from destruction. Suppose you sound them on this point. I am yet in 
so unsettled a state here, that it is not pleasant to see anybody, although 
many have been to see me, some as complimentary visitors, others on 
business. I do not encourage either, because I mean to be master of my 
time, and to make what I in ay think the best use of it. As yet I have not 
the conveniences for doing business, and, perhaps, the less one does in 
such a situation the better. My little book of suits is yet at the Hills, as 
are a number of books and papers which must come here when I have a 
place in which they can be placed ; but when that will be, God only 
knows, if he knows or concerns in anything that relates to prisons. By 
this, I do not mean any impiety; on the contrary, the expression of a 
doubt would appear to be justified by what you meet with in such places. 

Charles Young is at me here, but he behaves very well so far. 

Adieu. I am called to dinner, by which you may learn that we eat "even 
here." Your obedient servant. 

ROBERT MORRIS. 

John Nicholson, Esq. 



July 5, 1798. 
John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir; I have your three letters of yesterday, but as I made a 
frolic yesterday, I did not read them until this morning. At first I did 
not relish your letters to Law, Duncanson, and the Trustees \ but, after a 
second and a third reading, I signed and shall transmit them all ; those 
for Law and Duncanson open under cover to Cranch. I agree to Lover- 
ing as an arbitrator with Prentiss. I think you had as snug a frolic yester- 
day as Mr. Anybody, but I hope the future anniversaries of your birth- 
days will be numerous, and passed in full possession of liberty. I had a 
thought of writing in to Greenleaf about Duncanson' s bills, but my soul 
revolted, and the right hand refused to perform its functions. 

Fitzsimons was here this morning, in a dreadful taking. All the furniture 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. i^^ 

must be sold. My family think this dreadful hard; they know the debt 
is not mine. 

ROBERT MORRIS. 



October 15, 1798, Monday morning. 
Dear Sir : I received yours of last evening just after Mr. Hofner 
had come in sick. Mrs. Morris and Maria were sitting with me. He 
was pale and ghastly, horror in his countenance, and, I fear, terror in his 
mind. He sent for a French doctor, a Mons. Monges, who came, but will 
not yet pronounce whether it is or is not the yellow fever. He, however, 
has a fever, had last evening two or three slight spells of vomiting, and 
now complains of pains in his bowels. These are bad symptoms, and I fear 
he has it. Mrs. M. and my daughter left me with fresh anxieties on their 
minds, for here is a woman, wife of the man that cleans my room, makes 
my bed, etc., was taken ill on Saturday. Under these aggravated cir- 
cumstances, Mr. Banks and myself have written this morning to the chief 
justice, and Captain Broadhead is going instantly with the letters. It is 
wonderful, but, notwithstanding the danger is now at my chamber door — 
for Hofner is in the room I formerly occupied — I feel no kind of appre- 
hensions, and my only anxiety is for my wife and daughter, and these 
poor sick people. I hope my life will be spared, for the sake of my 
family, until I get my affairs settled. I shall be glad that you tell me that 
Mrs. Nicholson is getting, and that you continue well, which will comfort 

ROBERT MORRIS. 
John Nicholson, Esq. 



October 18, 1798. 

John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir : As I have done everything in my power to get from 
hence, and have not succeeded, I now make up my mind to wait with 
composure my fate. Charles' wife is gone to the hospital. Hofner can- 
not be moved. His mother, I am told, thinks him past danger, but Dr. 



156 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



Jacob says he will die, and tells me that Dr. Monges, after seeing him at 

II o'clock last night, said he despaired. 

I think of moving out of my room into that formerly occupied by Dr. 

Ruston, in the back part of the house ; if I do this, it is to give some 

comfort to Mrs. Morris, whose distress pierces my heart. As to myself, 

I cannot feel afraid or alarmed at the neighborhood of this disease, 

although I have tried. Yours truly, 

ROBERT MORRIS. 
John Nicholson, Esq. 

October i8, 1798. 
Dear Sir : The scene is closed with Hofner ; he is gone the journey 
from which no traveller returns. I am now quartered in Dr. Ruston's 
room, having just got there when the exit was announced. I hope we 
shall avoid infection, for, if once taken, there seems to be no escape. 

Yours, 

ROBERT MORRIS. 
John Nicholson, Esq. 

January 2, 1799. 

John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir : I think this is the day appointed for the sale of the 
Hills furniture, and I have not been able to see Mr. Cazenove yet on 
that subject, but expect him to-day. 

The year began with a terrible disappointment to me, as yesterday I 
received a letter from Messrs. Bourdieu & Co., telling me they could not 
accept my bill on them for ;^389 9,$-. 5^. sterling, because my moneys and 
effects in their hands had been attached by Mr. James Eyma, of Marti- 
nique, in consequence of his being holder of a bond in judgment from 
myself and Mr. Nicholson, in the sum of ^7000. They believe the bond 
is in the hands of Paschall Neilson Smith, of New York, and if I can get 
them relieved of the attachment, they will gladly pay the bill, and lament 
that such an impediment should be in the way. This blow was unex- 
pected ; it is death to my hopes, for I was in daily expectation to receive 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 157 

the cash here, believing the bill would be paid. The bond in Mr. 
Eyma's possession is one of those we gave to James Seagrove for his 
Georgia lands, and I remember Mr. Smith applied to me for payment of 
the first instalment and interest, which neither you nor I could pay at the 
time, nor can we now, so that my money in London must go towards it j 
and in this, as in a thousand other instances, I must ''grin and bear it." 
But what is to be done for subsistence ? I counted on this as a means to 
carry me through 1799. 

I hope you have cured your smoking chimney, that you have fuel, and 
the means to buy food and raiment for your family. I will make new 
exertions to attain the same for mine, and then, in despite of all disap- 
pointments, we will try and work cheerfully and arduously to ameliorate 
our situation. Prison bounds, if established, will do great things for us. 
That business progresses slowly, but we must not appear too active or 
openly in it, lest we injure instead of promoting it. IMcClenahan intends 
to make use of the bankrupt law, I am told, and therefore does not con- 
cern himself about prison bounds. I heard that Governor Mifflin is at 
the point of death, and am sorry for it. You are in my debt, I think, 
several letters or notes, such as they are, from 

Yours, etc., 

ROBERT MORRIS. 



August 7, 1799. 

John Nicholson, Esq. 

Dear Sir : I return Mr. Ely's letter of this date to you, and the 
copy of your reply; these I received under cover of your favor of this 
date, and I send also a letter just now brought to me from Mr. Ely, who 
certainly wishes this affair was settled, but he cannot lose sight of his 
(expected) profits. You see he cannot forget ''Shylock;" indeed, he 
does not act up to the character, being willing to abate of the pound of 
flesh, but the part he does require calls for blood with it, and more than 
we can spare, unless our veins were replenished from some of those 
sources that used formerly to supply them so copiously. Mr. Ely seems 



158 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



disposed to make a settlement in the Genesee country, but he does not 
offer his debt for land, and if he did, I could not give him any in that 
country, as it is all involved in — puzzle the cause — I stopped here to 
answer Mr. Ely; you will receive it herewith, and, if approved, I must 
trouble you to seal and send it to him. I am sorry to learn that you 
are still beset; you must look out sharp, and keep from hence, except on 
Sundays. 

ROBERT MORRIS. 

The. first commitment was made out for Robert Morris 1 8th January, 
1798, and in February he was in prison. 

The late William B. Wood describes him as he first saw him in the 
prison-yard: ''His dress, a little old-fashioned, was adjusted with care; 
he returned my salutation in silence ; he continued his walk, dropping 
from his hand, at a given spot, a pebble on each round, until a certain 
number which he had in his hand were exhausted." He remained four 
years, 1 798-1 802, in this jail. His will, made in 1804, two years after 
his release, thus concludes : — 

/' Here I have to express my regrets at having lost a very large fortune 
acquired by honest industry, which I had long hoped and expected to 
enjoy with my family during my own life, and then to distribute it among 
those of them that should outlive me. Fate has determined otherwise, 
and we must submit to the decree, which I have endeavored to do, with 
patience and fortitude." 

He died May 8, i8o6, aged 73 years. 




FAIRMOUNT PARK. 159 



TABLE OF DISTANCES. 

FROM FAIRMOUNT. 

To Girard Avenue Bridge ' "^^^e- 

*< Lansdowne Entrance IK " 

" Lansdowne 2 )i miles. 

« George's Hill, direct 3^ " 

(I « « ma Belmont 4^ " 

" Belmont, direct 3>^ 

<' « z;/^ George's Hill 4K " 

«< Mount Prospect, via Belmont . • • • 4K " 

*e (t « George's Hill . . • • 5^ 

« The Falls, z^za River Road 4>^ " 

« « « George's Hill . • • • 6k " 

« The Wissahickon, via River Road . . . 5>^ " 

« « " " George's Hill . . . 7>i " 

« « « " East Bank . . . . 4 " 

From the Falls to Wissahickon i mile. 

To Maple Spring Hotel i>^ " 

« The Pipe Bridge 4M miles. 

« Valley Green 4?i " 

« The First Fountain 5^^ " 

" Indian Rock 5^ * 

« Thorp's Mill Road 7 " 

« Chestnut Hill 7^ " 




i6o FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



RULES AND REGULATIONS. 



Section I. — Penal, 

1. No person shall drive or ride in Fairmount Park at a rate exceeding 
seven miles an hour. 

2. No one shall ride or drive therein upon any other part of the Park 
than upon the avenues and roads. 

3. No vehicle of burden or traffic shall pass through the Park. 

4. No person shall enter or leave the Park except by such gates or 
avenues as may be for such purpose arranged. 

5. No coach or vehicle used for hire shall stand upon any part of the 
Park, for the purpose of hire. 

6. No person shall indulge in any threatening, abusive, insulting, or 
indecent language in the Park. 

7. No person shall engage in any gaming, nor commit any obscene or 
indecent act, in the Park. 

8. No person shall carry fire-arms or shoot birds in the Park, or with- 
in fifty yards thereof, or throw stones or other missiles therein. 

9. No person shall disturb the fish or water-fowl in the pool or pond, 
or birds in any part of the Park, or annoy, strike, injure, maim, or kill 
any animal kept by the direction of the Commissioners, either running at 
large or confined in a close; nor discharge any fireworks, nor affix any 
bills or notices therein. 

10. No person shall cut, break, or in any wise injure or deface the trees, 
shrubs, plants, turf, or any of the buildings, fences, bridges, structures, or 
statuary, or foul any fountains or springs within the Park. 

11. No person shall throw any dead animal or offensive matter or sub- 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. ,6l 

Stance of any kind, into the river Schuylkill, within the boundaries of 
Fairmount Park. 

12. No person shall go in to bathe within the Park. 

13. No person shall turn cattle, goats, swine, horses, dogs, or other 
animals loose inJ;o the Park. 

14. No person shall injure, deface, or destroy any notices, rules, or 
regulations for the government of the Park, posted or in any other man- 
ner permanently fixed by order or permission of the Commissioners of 
Fairmount Park within the limits of the same. 

Any person who shall violate any of said Rules and Regulations shall 
be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for each and every such offence shah 
pay the sum of five dollars, to be recovered before any Alderman of the 
city of Philadelphia, as debts of that amount are recoverable, which fines 
shall be paid into the City Treasury, for Park purposes. 

Section II. — Licenses. 

1. No person shall expose any article for sale within the Park, without 
the previous license of the Park Commissioners. 

2. No person shall have any musical, theatrical, or other entertainment 
therein, nor shall any military or other parade or procession, or funeral, 
take place in or pass through the limits of the Park, without the license 
of the Park Commissioners. 

3. No gathering or meeting of any kind, assembled through advertise- 
ment, shall be permitted in the Park without the previous permission of 
the Commissioners. 

4. No person shall engage in any play at base-ball, cricket, shinney, 
foot-ball, croquet, or at any other games with ball and bat, nor shall any 
foot-race or horse-race be permitted within the limits of the Park, except 
on such grounds only as shall be specially designated for such purpose. 



J 62 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

5. No person shall take ice from the Schuylkill within the Park, with- 
out the license of the said Commissioners first had, upon such terms as 
they may think proper. 

6. No person shall be permitted to use the shores of the river Schuylkill 
within the boundaries of Fairmount Park as a landing-place for boats, or 
keep thereat boats for hire, nor floating boat-houses with pleasure-boats 
for hire, except by special license or lease granted by the Commissioners, 
to be paid for as the Commissioners shall from time to time direct, and 
only at places designated by and under restrictions determined upon by 
said Commissioners. 

7. No regatta or boat-race by boat-clubs, whose houses are built upon 
any part of the Park grounds, shall take place within the boundaries of 
the Park without special permission granted by the Commissioners, or by 
their Committee on Superintendeiice and Police. 

8. Every boat or skating club, whose house or building is built on 
Park grounds, shall be required to obtain a license or lease from the 
Commissioners, on such terms and under such restrictions as the Commis- 
sioners shall determine. 

Section III. — Prohibitio7is. 

1. No gathering or meeting for political purposes in the Park shall be 
permitted under any circumstances. 

2. No intoxicating liquors shall be allowed to be sold within said Park. 

Section IV. — Duties of Park- Guard or Police, 

I. It shall be the duty of the Park-Guard or Police appointed to duty 
in the Park, without warrant, forthwith to arrest any offender against the 
preceding rules and regulations, whom they may detect in the commis- 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



163 



sion of such offence, and to take the person or persons so arrested forth- 
with before a magistrate having competent jurisdiction. 

2. It shall be the duty of the Park-Guard or Police appointed to duty 
in the Park, at the termination of each week, to make a written report to 
the Committee on Superintendence and Police of all infractions of these 
rules and regulations, the number of arrests made, the nature of each 
offence, the name of the magistrate before whom each offender was 
taken, and the amounts of fines imposed and paid in each case. 

By order of the Commissioners of Fairmount Park. 




i64 FAIRMOUNT PARK. 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PARK-GUARD. 

1. Neatness in dress, propriety in speech and demeanor, perfect 
sobriety, obliging manners, and courtesy towards every visitor of the 
Park, are essential requisites for a satisfactory discharge of the duties of 
the Guard. 

2. The uniform of the Guard being furnished by the Commissioners, 
it is only to be worn when on duty, and is to be kept in a cleanly and 
tidy condition. 

3. The Guard is expected to render all possible aid and assistance in 
case, of accidents to pedestrians, horsemen, or carriages, and particularly 
to protect females and children against every kind of annoyance, rudeness, 
or insult from evil-disposed and disorderly persons. 

4. Whilst the Guard is expected to repress every kind of disorder and 
misconduct on the part of visitors, and to arrest those who are clearly 
guilty of an intentional violation of the rules and regulations ordained for 
the government and protection of the Park, great care is recommended 
not to become over-meddlesome, and thereby create instead of avoiding 
disorder. 

5. Arrests should only be made when either the Guard himself or some 
respectable person at hand can testify to a malicious violation of the rules 
and regulations. 

6. No arrest should be made for mere trifling violations, when a quiet 
reminder or reprimand would suffice to prevent a repetition of the offence. 

7. Great indulgence is recommended towards children ; but discreet, 
dignified, yet firm and decisive action towards gangs of unruly boys. 

8. No officer of the peace should ever disgrace his position by abusing 
his authority, or by the exercise of tyranny make himself a terror to well- 
disposed citizens. 



FAIRMOUNT PARK. ig- 

9. The Guard will remember that they are numbered, to enable any- 
respectable person to complain of their misconduct, which, when clearly 
established, will lead to their immediate dismissal. 

10. The Guard is required to make faithfully the weekly written report 
prescribed by the rules, and hand the same to the Chairman of the Com- 
mittee on Superintendence and Police, stating at the same time all com- 
plaints made by respectable persons concerning inconveniences or annoy- 
ances in the Park. 

11. The Guard is under the immediate direction of the Committee on 
Superintendence and Police. The Guard is required to obey the orders 
cf the Chief Engineer of the Park. Such as are stationed near the Fair- 
mount Water Works, or near any other water works of the city of Phila- 
delphia, will duly respect the orders of the Chief Engineer of Water 
Works touching the property belonging to his department within the Park. 

12. In cases of emergency, the Park-Guard is subject to the orders of 
the Mayor of the city of Philadelphia. 

13. The Park-Guard is required to be on duty from 7 A.M. till sunset, 
during the months of May, June, July, August, September, and October. 
Those of the Guard who are on duty during the night, are required to 
report themselves half an hour before the day Guard is relieved. 

14. Every member of the Guard is bound to report in person at least 
once during every twenty-four hours, at the office of the Chief Engineer, 
situated within the limits of the Park. 

15. In case of sickness or other unavoidable inability to attend to his 
duty, every member of the Guard is required to have the fact immediately 
reported at the office of the Chief Engineer. 

16. Room will be provided near the Chief Engineer's office for the 
convenience of the Guard to put on and take off the Guard uniform. 

By order of the Committee on Superintendence and Police. 
16 




SCHUYLKILL ^, 

OJUGAXIZED OCTOBER, 1S58. 




OFFICERS: 

JAMES M. FERGUSON, Commodore. 

JOHN HOCKLEY, Jr, Vice-Commodore. 
J. GILLINGHAM, Secretary. 

F. W. MURPHY, Treasurer. 



The Sclniylkill Navy propose holding a series of Kegattas during July, 1S7G, as follows : 

First — The National Association will be invited to hold their Annual Uegatta of that year on the 
Schuylkill River, and in addition to the regular prizes of the association the Schuylkill Navy will present 
special prizes of flags and individual gold medals to the winning crews. 

Si'.cnnd—The College Clubs have been invited to hold their Annual Regatta of that year at Phila- 
delphia; a piece of plate to be presented to the winners, in addition to individual gold medals. 

Tldrd— An International College Race for four-oared shells will be held, the prize to be a valuable 
piece of plate with gold medals to the winning crews. 

Fourth— An International Race will be held, open to all regularly organized boat clubs throughout the 
world, to be rowed in accordance with the rules of the National Amateur Rowing Association of tlie 
United States, the prizes to be first and second for fours, paire, and single and double sculls; and, in 
addition, a medal to be presented to each man rowing in the race : for the winning crews to be of gold ; 
second boats of silver, and the remainder of bronze. 

PiflJi — A Professional Race, open to all crews, will be held for four-oared shells, the prize to be a purse 
of $iOOO or more. All the expense of the regatta will be borne by the Schuylkill Navy, and they will 
make all arrangements for housing the boats, and provide proper dressing-rooms for all crews competing. 

The President or presiding officer and Secretary of each club entering either of the amateur races or 
regatta controlled by the Schuylkill Navy will be required to certify on honor, in w riting, that each nunilx r 
of the crew entered is strictly an amateur, and is not paid directly or indirectly for his services as a 
member, or by reason of his b( ing a member of the club, that he "does not enter in open competition tor 
either a stake, public or adnn'ssion-money or entrance-fee, or compete with or against a professional fur 
ii'iy i)rize, and has never taught, pursued, or assisted in the pur-iuit of athletic exercises as a means of 
livelihood, or has been employed in or about boats, or in manual labor on the water." 

Some of the above prizes have already been pledged, and an Honorary Committee is being organized 
from our beat citizens, as well as from other parts of the country, who will aid the Schuylkill Navy in 
m .king this the grandest Regatta ever held in the world. Any one wishing to aid in this enterprise 
or obtain inforination concerning it civn do so by calling on any of the officers. 



JOHN BAIRI, SOUS & CO, 



IMPORTERS OP 



ifelinti ffimi&s^ 




AND RAGS, 



No. 214 South Twenty-Fourth Street, 





PMBLfte^iLP^MI)^. 




JOHN BAIRD. 




THOS. E. BAIRD 


\VM. M. THOMAS, 




JOHN E. BAH^D. 




CLAXTON, EEMSEN & HAFFELFINGEE, 
Publishers, Booksellers and Stationers, 

JVos. G2^, (i2G ct; (i2S Market Street, Philmlelphla. 






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The Zoological Gardens are open from lo A. M. to 7 v. u., including Sundays. During the summer, there 
is music on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons, while in winter there is frequently skating on the lake. 
The display of animals, etc., is most attractive and complete. 

Admission, Acquits, 25 cents. Children, under ten years, lO cents. 



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HALL & CARPENTER, 

No. 709 3Iarket Street, 

PHILADELPHIA, 
AQENTS FOR THE 

AMERICAN SCREW CO.'S 

Waeeaited Eivets aid Bolts. 

AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF 

MMEMMMM 8PELWEM 



siEariEiEa: siisro. 



HALL & CARPENTEE, 

\ No. 709 Market Street, 

PHILADELPHIA. 

IMPORTERS OF AND DEALERS IN 

TIN PLATE AND METALS, 

Black and Galvanized Sheet Iron, 

I |[iissia and |jatent |rlaiiislied ^ron, 

OF A.LL KIi^DS, 

Sheet and Bolt Copper, 
HOT ^IR REGISTERS. 



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1776 




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1876 



United States International Exhibition. 




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Subscriptions to the Stock of the International Exhibition 

received by 

FREDSRIGK FRALBY^ 

No. 904 ^W^aln-at Street, FMladelpliia. 



Subscribers taking Five shares will pay only 40 per 
Cr cent, of the amount in cash, balance in nine months. 

Each subscription of Ten Dollars will be receipted for 
by a Superb Line Engraving Certificate, executed in the 
United States Treasury Department. 



rae-SUe of Csnteml Menl Mi 




OBVERSE. REVERSE. 

ISSUED BY THE 

Centennial Board of Finance, 

UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 

Wn order that the cost of the Medals might be brought within reach of all, they are of three descrip- 
S|' tioiis: 

f^ In tHilf $S OO 

' Til Silver 3 OO 

In livonze H OO 

The Illustrations approximate in size the first and third mentioned; the second is the size of the 
American Dollar. The design of the "Obverse," represents on all, the Genius of American Indejjeu- 
dence, rising from a recumbent position, grasping with her right hand the sword which is to enforce 
her demands, and raising her left, in appealing pride to the galaxy of thirteen stars, indicating the 
original Colonies. The " Reverse " displays the Genius of Liberty, with the sword buckled to her 
girdle, at rest. With either hand extends a welcome and a chaplet to the Arts and Sciences assembled, 
with evidences of their skill and craft, to do honor to the Centennial. 

FOR SALE BY 

AGENTS IN ALL THE STATES, 

And at No. 904 Walnut Street. 



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THE CENTENNIAL FOUNTAIN 

TO BE UNVEILED IN 

^AIRMOUNT |}aRK, |}hILADELPHIA, 
CTTJLY 4, 18V6, 

UNDER THE AUSPICES OF 

The Catholic Total Abstinence Union 




CHARLES CARROLL, ARCHBISHOP CARROLL, MOSES, BARRY, FATHER MATTHEW. 
OW bpine executed by H. Kirn, in Tyrolese Marble. The central fiiiure i.s fifteen feet high-each 
of tluf.n.^ others iJnine feet-thc heij,'ht to crown of central f.,Mu;. is 35 feet, and diameter of 
Fountain KW feet. Amount of Marble in the entire work •i;';^^ V'\",''t ^^.'tiat? k ri,n;r,non nf 
Subscriptions of any amount nuiy be forwarded to DR. M H'HALL O'HARA Chairman of 
Centennial Com'mittee, No. 31 South IGth Street, I'biladelplna, or to the I'^-^^'^^,^^! tvC^^^ M^^^^^^^ 
Total Abstinence Society of the Union in the Unit..l States. A finely exccutx>d ?f^'lf type ot tlm 
Fountain will be forwarded to each subscriber on receipt of bis subscription. The size for subscribers 
of One Dollar is 7x10 inches, now ready for delivery, 



UNITED bTATES 

1776— IlTEEIATIOIAl EXHIBITIOI.— 1876 



rpHILAr>ELPHIA U. S. AWESICA ><^^^ ^-^ 



>=^^ M A Y 10'*'^^ NOVEM BER. JO" JSTGI 




EXHIBITION OPENS IVIAY 10, 1876. 
EXHIBITION CLOSES NOV 10, 1876. 

The following countries will exhibit: The German Empire, Great 
Britain, France, Austria, Sweden, Norway, The British Colonies — Canada, 
Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, and others of the Australasian Islands, 
Peru, United States of Columbia, Nicaragua, The Argentine Confedera- 
tion, Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chili, Guatemala, Salvador, Mexico, 
Honduras, Hayti, The Netherlands, Belgium, Liberia, the Sandwich Is- 
lands, China, Japan, Switzerland, Spain, the United States Government, 
and the States of the United States. 



APPLICATIONS FOR SPACE. 

To secure space for exhibits in the buildings of the Park, early application should 
be made. The necessary forms for application, together with the Regulations for Ex- 
hibitors and needed information, will be forwarded on application to the office of the 
Centennial Commission. 

A. T. GOSHORN, 

Director General, 

004 Walnut St., PhUuda. 

J. L. CAMPBELL, 

Secretary, 



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HECKMAN 

BINDERY INC. I§ 

JUN 89 

N. MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA 46962 







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